Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 2 Grammar Notes for Lesson 7 1. Formulations wit Adjectives 1.1 Partial Description wit N 1 N 2 ADJ sample sent

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1 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 1 Grammar Notes for Lesson 7 1. Formulations wit Adjectives 1.1 Partial Description wit N 1 N 2 ADJ 1.2 Adverbial Form of Adjectives Adverbial Form of te VA Adverbial Form of te NA Adverbial Form in a Sentence Adverbial Connection wit and 2. Adverbs of Degree and Quantity 2.1 Adverb very 2.2 Adverbs and very 2.3 Adverb many, muc 2.4 Adverbs and a little, a bit, a few 2.5 Adverbs +neg. and +neg. not so, not very 2.6 Adverb +negation not at all 2.7 Adverb quite, rater 2.8 Adverb especially 2.9 Adverb for example, for instance 2.10 Combination of Adverbs 3. Comparison wit Comparative and Superlative 3.1 Comparative Degree 3.2 Superlative Degree

2 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 2 Grammar Notes for Lesson 7 1. Formulations wit Adjectives 1.1 Partial Description wit N 1 N 2 ADJ sample sentences: Maria wa me ga kirei desu. Maria as beautiful eyes. Doitsu wa biiru ga oisii desu. Germany as tasty beer. Tese two very different sample sentences ave one ting in common. In bot cases a topic, i.e. Maria and Germany, is mentioned. After tat one specific quality or particular feature of te foregoing topic is igligted. Not Maria as a wole person but one part of er (er eyes) is qualified. Not Germany as a wole nation but its special product (te beer), i.e. one small part (in te widest sense) of it is evaluated. In suc cases were a part of a wole is qualitatively described te following structure is used: N 1 N 2 Adjective As we already know, as te function of laying an extremely strong empasis on te marked noun. So tis penomenon is comparable wit te enlargement of a part of te wole by a magnifying glass: Å N N Maria eyes Altoug you can cange te word order and start te sentence wit te subject instead of te topic (N 2 N 1 Adjective ), te most popular structure of a partial (selective) qualification is to start wit te topic.

3 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 3 sample sentences: Switzerland as ig mountains. Te canteen as ceap meals. In autumn te weater is good. (Autumn as a good weater.) In Japan te summer is ot. (Japan as a ot summer.) Ms Mori as small eyes. notice 1: If you want to express tat te qualitatively igligted part of te wole is te only noteworty positive or negative feature, you can replace te wit a as a delimination: Te armless appearing sentence means tat only er eyes are beautiful. And te sentence means contextually tat te rest of te nation is not remarkable... notice 2: Te above mentioned structure N 1 N 2... is also used to caracterize te ability, aptness, aversion or a wis as a part of a person in sentences like We can speak Japanese. Se likes sports. Cildren dislike vegetables. I wis I ad more money. etc. Tis grammar is introduced in lesson 9. Quiz 1: Build sentences wit te elp of following words.

4 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverbial Form of Adjectives Examples: yasuku kau to buy ceap kirei ni kaku to write tidy Not only nouns but also verbs can be modified by an adjective. In cases like to buy someting ceap an adjective, i.e. a qualifier describes te way of doing someting. Te adjective plays te role of an appendix of te verb. Te grammatical term used for te penomenon of doing someting in a particular way is te adverbial form. As we already know from te attributive form (lesson 5,6), we ave to fulfil te requirement: te elucidating word is followed by te elucidated word, or in our case te adjective tat is used as an appendix is followed by te dominating verb: Adjective Verb Tis general structure covers adverbial form. Bot groups of adjectives (VA and NA) ave different adverbial forms Adverbial Form of te VA If a VA elucidates a verb, te link as to be attaced to te stem. Te structure is as follows: VA + V Wile an attributive form of a VA is modifiable (E.g. VA N), te adverbial form of a VA can never be modified. (So you cannot say for instance I bougt it not ceap.) Te modification occurs only on te verb (E.g. VA V ). (I will) eat fast (I) wrote it big (I will) not buy it for a ig price. Will you get up late / wake up late? Adverbial Form of te NA Te adverbial form of te NA is marked by te link. So te structure is as follows: NA + V Te adverbial form of a NA is also not modifiable. (I will) sleep quietly did you write it tidy? (I will) talk vividly (I) wrapped it simply

5 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 5 Quiz 2: Translate te following sequences. to sleep well to write small to speak fast to wake up early to buy ceap to sleep long to sleep quietly, peacefully to eat quietly, noiseless to talk easily to study diligently Adverbial Form in a sentence Maikeru wa netto de kamera o yasuku kaimasita. In te net Micael bougt a camera ceap. Teoretically speaking, te adverbial form of VA and NA as an appendix of te verb can go in every position were a verb can stay. Toug, at our stage of knowledge te position is limited to te surrounding of a verbal predicate. In te sample sentence te adjective is placed immediately before te verb. But tis position is not absolutely binding. It is sufficient if te adjective is placed before te verb. Terefore you can build following similar sentences: As you can see, te distance between te adverbial determination and te verb is getting longer and longer. An extreme separation can sometimes cause misunderstanding. So it is recommendable to old te distance between te adverbial units sort. Interrogative Te interrogative for te adverbial form is (ow) : How did you buy it? Wat kind of a book did you read? I bougt it ceap. I read a famous book.

6 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 6 Quiz 3: Answer te following questions by using an attribute or an adverbial form Adverbial Connection wit and Kodomo ga ookiku narimasu. Te cild is growing up. (Te cild is getting bigger.) Heya o atatakaku simasu. I will make te room warm. (I will eat te room.) Te verbs (to become, to get) and (to make) ave special caracteristics if you use tem in combination wit adverbial forms of VA and NA: VA NA is an intransitive verb. I.e. te effect of te verb to become is confined witin te subject, and does not pass over to any object. So is used regularly wit a subject, i.e. wit a noun tat is usually marked by te particle : N VA or N NA Fruits are getting ceaper. Te study is getting interesting. My andwriting became better.

7 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 7 Te usage of in combination wit te adverbial form of an adjective sows us tat te status of te subject is canging by degrees and in a natural or logical way witout te assistance of a visible initiator. All sample sentences mentioned above reveal tis penomenon: A cild is growing gradually and naturally by imself. Seasonally, fruits are getting ceap and tat appens in a natural or logical way according to te system of supply and demand of te free-market economy. Troug deepening of knowledge te study is getting naturally or logically more interesting. In te course of time or troug steady practice te andwriting is getting naturally better. In cases like it s getting cold te subject (te climate) is not definitively mentioned, but is implied. VA NA is a transitive verb. I.e. te verb expresses a conscious action wic passes over to an object, it takes a direct object to complete te sense. In oter words requires a visible direct object marked by te particle : N VA ( ) () or N NA I will make te room warm. Maria sortened er trousers. Te doctor elped me to recover. As you can see from te sample sentences, tere is not only an object tat is getting canged. In addition to tat, te initiator (causer) of tis action is explicitly mentioned (), or e is not definitively mentioned but is latent, because any conscious action always needs someone wo is doing it. (Te initiator sould not be always a uman being. And likewise te object sould not be always a non-uman. Sentences like Te stress made me sick. are also possible.) Quiz 4: Build sentences including or wit te elp of following words. notice: Instead of an adjective, a noun can also be put into te sentence structures: N 1 N 2 Cildren are getting to be grown-ups. Cildren are growing up. N 1 N 2 ( ) My fater made me a doctor.

8 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverbs of Degree and Quantity In lesson 4 te adverbs as a grammatical group were already introduced. In tis lesson adverbs related to degree and quantity will be introduced. Altoug adverbs are noting but words and tey ave to be learnt as a part of a vocabulary, some notes to eac new adverb migt be elpful for learning. 2.1 Adverb very Te adverb (very) is introduced on a list of vocabulary of lesson 5. Normally it is used in adjectival segments, e.g. as a modifying word for predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: Te town is vivid. Te town is very vivid. Attribute: I bougt an old car. I bougt a very old car. Adverbial: Maria often speaks by pone. Maria very often speaks by pone. (or meaning annoying abit: M. is constantly speaking by pone.) 2.2 Adverbs and very Tese adverbs are synonyms of (very) but it is used in more formal context. Te nearest correspondence would be acieved by translations like exceedingly, extraordinary, extremely, etc. Bot words are also used as modifying words for predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: Te town is vivid. Te town is very vivid. Attribute: I bougt an old car. I bougt a very old car. Adverbial: Maria often speaks by pone. Maria very often speaks by pone. (M. is constantly speaking by pone.)

9 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverb many, muc Te adverb (many, muc, numerous) is used at our state of knowledge only as a modifying word for verbal predicates: Ms Mori eats te meal. Ms Mori eats muc (food). As a typical attribute of all adverbs its position in a sentence is often arbitrary. Te following position is also acceptable: 2.4 Adverbs and a little, a bit, a few (a little, a few) and (a bit, a little) are synonyms but is universally used wile is used in more colloquial context. Bot words function as a modifying words for verbal predicates, and adjectival predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: I speak a little Japanese. Te task was a bit difficult. Attribute: Tis is a car tat is a bit old. Adverbial: I bougt a camera a little ceaper. notice: Te last sample sentences are ambiguous, because te adverbs and can eiter refer to te predicate (to buy few cameras ceap) or te adverbial sequence (to buy a camera a bit ceaper tan usual). Only te context can clarify te meaning.

10 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverbs +negation and +negation not so, not very Te adverbs and are synonyms. Bot are normally used in negative constructions. Tey function as modifying words for verbal predicates, adjectival predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: I do not drink so muc beer. Te camera was not very expensive. Attribute: Tis is not a very new car. Adverbial: I did not buy te camera very ceap. 2.6 Adverb +negation not at all Te adverb (Kanji: ) is normally used in a negative constructions. Te meaning of tis word is (not) at all. It functions as a modifying word for verbal predicates, adjectival predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: I do not drink alcool at all. Te trip was not interesting at all. Attribute: Today te weater is not good at all. Adverbial: I did not get up early at all. notice: In a very casual conversation is nowadays used in te meaning of very, totally, or completely: Tat s very jazzy.

11 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverb quite, rater wit an adjective Te adverb in combination wit adjectives is only positively used. In tis case it functions as a modifying word for predicates, attributes and adverbial segments: Predicate: Te trip was quite interesting. Attribute: Today te weater is rater good. Adverbial: ( ) He sang quite pretty. notice: Positive refers to te inflection and not to te meaning of te adjective. Adjectives like bad, terrible, dirty, or difficult can also be in a combination wit. wit a verb In a verbal construction can only be used negatively. It means a delay of an expected state (not rater). So functions as a modifying word for negative verbal predicates: Te train (te tram) does not rater come. Micael does not rater get up. 2.8 Adverb especially Te adverb (especially) is used as a modifying word for verbal predicates, adjectival predicates, attributes and adverbial segments. It can be used in bot positive and negative structures: Predicate: Especially on weekends I read books. Especially beer is in Germany tasty. Attribute: Especially Maria is a diligent student. Adverbial: ( ) ( ) Especially se is going to study diligently.

12 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Adverb for example, for instance Te adverb (Kanji: ) means for example or for instance or among oters and it is a universally and often used word wic is usually placed at te beginning of te sentence. All kind of sentences (N, V, VA, NA) and segments (predicate, attribute, adverbial etc.) can be accompanied wit no restriction by : Nominal: Bread is, for example, a food. Verbal: On weekend I read, for instance, a book. Adjectival: Maria is, for instance, kind Combination of Adverbs Two or even more adverbs can appear in one sentence, toug most of te adverbs are incompatible due to teir opposed caracters (e.g. versus ). Only te following combinations of adverbs are often seen: 1. Following adverbs togeter wit te adverb but exclusively in verbal sentences. () 2. plus all in tis lesson mentioned adverbs ( wit exception of itself). 3. plus te doubled adverbs mentioned in point 1 (e.g. ) sample sentences: I bougt plenty of tings. Maria writes quite a lot of Kanji. I do not eat so muc. For instance, especially many Japanese will come. Quiz 5: Put te adverb into te sentences:

13 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 13 Quiz 6: Wic of te two adverbs fits to te sentence? Quiz 7: Build sentences wit elp of following words:

14 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson Comparison wit Comparative and Superlative In Japanese comparison cannot be formed by using grammatical appendix like in western languages. Te comparative (bigger, smaller, darker etc.) and superlative (biggest, smallest, darkest etc.) are formed wit elp of adverbs as a periprasis. Bot te comparative and superlative are used not only wit adjectives, but also wit verbs (to eat to eat more to eat most). 3.1 Comparative degree wit it is more important I will sleep more Te comparative degree is built wit elp of te adverb. Tis expression means more. Verbs and adjectives can be transformed into a comparative form by tis word. Usually te comparative expresses a iger degree of te quality or action denoted by te simple word: to eat more it is earlier, it is more early Sample sentences: Osaka is big. Tokyo is bigger. Hiragana is beautiful. Kanji are more beautiful. Yesterday I got up early. Te day before yesterday I got up earlier. Maria drinks beer. Micael drinks more (beer). Yesterday I watced TV. Today I am going to watc more. 3.2 Superlative degree wit it is most important I will sleep te most time Te superlative degree is built wit elp of te adverbially used nouns ( ) and ( ). It is a combination of te number one and te numeral -ban. So ( ) literally means number one. It is used to compare a number of tings, to express te igest degree of te quality or action denoted by te simple word. Verbs and adjectives can be transformed into te superlative by : to eat te most

15 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 15 it is te earliest, it is most early Since te superlative degree empasizes te quality or action of te concerning noun in an extremely strong way, te noun wic is involved into tis comparison is often marked by te instead of te topic marker. In most cases, te superlative degree is used as te last part of a tree-parted comparison: Tangerines are ceap. Bananas are ceaper. Apples are te ceapest. Ms Mori is going to sing songs. Ms Honda is going to sing more (songs). Ms Suzuki sings te most (songs). Katakana are beautiful caracters. Hiragana are more beautiful caracters. Kanji are te most beautiful caracters. I eat often bread. I eat more often vegetables. I eat most often meat. Quiz 8: Transform te sentences into comparatives and superlatives:

16 Intensive Japanese I, Grammar Lesson 7 16 Quiz 9: Answer te questions:

Answers Practice 08 JFD1

Answers Practice 08 JFD1 Practice 8 Sentence Connectors 1) I / went / to Japan / for the first time last year. At first, I didn t understand / Japanese / *at all. [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] * 2) I m / not hungry / because I *already ate