Daisuke Yamamoto 1, Yasutada Noguchi 2,MichiroIto 3, Ippei Nakanishi 4,AkiraIto 5 Keywords javelin, standing throw, run up throw, contribution Abstrac
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1 Daisuke Yamamoto 1, Yasutada Noguchi 2,MichiroIto 3, Ippei Nakanishi 4,AkiraIto 5 Keywords javelin, standing throw, run up throw, contribution Abstract The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of standing throw (ST) and run up throw (RT) based on the contribution of the body segments to the javelin velocity in javelin throw. Subjects were 7 male collegiate javelin throwers. Throwing motions when each subject threw the longest distance were recorded (60 Hz) and digitized. The two dimensional coordinates of the body and the javelin were calculated. Then, leg motion, trunk rotation, trunk forward flexion, shoulder horizontal abduction/adduction, and arm motion as shoulder external/internal rotation or elbow extension/flexion were calculated as contribution to javelin velocity. In the results, the ST was significantly higher in the contribution of trunk rotation, horizontal adduction and elbow extension to the javelin velocity during delivery phase than the RT. On the other hand, the contribution of elbow extension, leg motion and trunk forward flexion to the javelin velocity during delivery phase in the RT were significantly higher in compared to the ST. These results suggest that trunk was used as a source of energy mainly by torsion in the ST, whereas trunk play a role of transmitting efficiently the energy generate by leg motion to the arm in the RT. When throw using the method of the ST as technical practice, it is necessary for thrower to understand these differences. Faculty of Health, Budo and Sports Studies, Tenri University, Nara
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4 4 やり投げにおけるやり速度に対する身体各部位の貢献度からみた 立ち投げと助走投げにおける特徴の違い とになる その後 やり水平速度を1 0 0 と 2 3 時点と局面の定義 して これらの動作によって生成されたやり 本研究では 最終の右足接地 R on 左 水平速度を割合として換算し貢献度とした 足接地 L on やりのリリース Rel の また 立ち投げと助走投げにおける貢献度の 3つの時点を設定した また R on から L 変化について比較を行うために Ae et al 2 on までを準備局面 L on から Rel までを の方法を参考にして局面毎に動作時間を全被 投げ出し局面とした 図2 験者の平均動作時間で規格化した 図2 立ち投げと助走投げにおける座標系 動作の時点と局面の定義 投てき動作を時系列に右足接地 R-on 左足接地 L-on およびリリース Rel の時点を設定した また スティックピクチャーにおける破線は 左半身を示している 2 4 統計処理 3 2 身体各点とやり重心におる水平速度 立ち投げと助走投げの違いを明らかにする ために 統計処理では対応のあるT検定を用 いて危険率5 未満をもって有意と判定した 3 結 果 3 1 動作時間と初期条件 の平均変化曲線 図3は投てき動作中の腰中点 胸骨上縁 右肩 右肘およびやり重心の平均速度変化曲 線を示している どちらの投法においても準 備局面では大きな速度変化はみられなかった が L on 付近から腰中点の速度が減少し始 表1に立ち投げおよび助走投げにおける動 め その後胸骨上縁 右肩 右肘の順に速度 作時間と初期条件を示した 各局面における が最大となり 最終的にリリースでやり重心 動作時間を比較すると 立ち投げは全ての局 の速度が最大値を示す類似した変化を示した 面において助走投げより有意に長かった 特 に準備局面において顕著な差が認められ 立 ち投げにおける準備局面は助走投げと比較し 3 3 やり水平速度に対する身体各部位の 貢献度 て約2倍の動作時間を要していた 初期条件 図4は立ち投げと助走投げにおけるやり水 についてみると 鉛直速度には有意差が認め 平速度に対する身体各部位の貢献度の平均変 られなかったが 水平速度および合成初速度 化曲線を示したグラフである 投てき動作中 は助走投げが立ち投げに比べて有意に高値を の各貢献度は両投法とも類似した変化傾向を 示した また 投射角は助走投げに比べて立 示していた 下肢の貢献度は準備局面中盤ま ち投げが有意に大きいことが明らかとなった で非常に高く この局面におけるやり水平速
5 5
6 6 やり投げにおけるやり速度に対する身体各部位の貢献度からみた 立ち投げと助走投げにおける特徴の違い 図4 やり水平速度に対する身体各部位の貢献度 から末端部にかけて順次速度が増加していた とから 立ち投げでは体幹を捻転させること が こ の よ う な 現 象 は 運 動 連 鎖 kinetic で体幹をエネルギーの発生源として主に利用 chain と呼ばれ 末端部分の速度増加のた し そのエネルギーを上肢に伝達してやりの めには不可欠な動作であると同時に リリー 速度を増加させていたことが示唆される ま スに向かって運動エネルギーの転移が起きて た 投げ出し局面中盤で水平内転の貢献度が いることを示す結果である 身体分析点お 高く その後リリース直前で上肢の貢献度が よびやり重心の速度変化は類似した変化傾向 高くなっていたことから 右肘がより前方に を示していたが やり水平速度に対する身体 位置した状態で上肢を利用していたと考えら 各部位の貢献度についてそれぞれの投法間で れる 本研究では矢状面の各分析点を基に相 比較を行った結果 特に投げ出し局面におい 対速度から動作を評価しているため 詳細な て違いがみられた 立ち投げではやり速度が 関節角度については明らかにすることはでき 急激に増加する投げ出し局面において まず なかったが この上肢による貢献度は肩関節 体幹の捻転動作による貢献度が高くなり 続 の内旋ではなく肘関節の伸展によるものが大 いて肩関節の水平内転および上肢による貢献 きかったと推察される 7 度が高くなっていた 体幹はエネルギーを発 やり投げ競技において より高いパフォー 生する役割と下肢によって発揮されたエネル マンスを発揮するためには高い助走速度を体 ギーを上肢へ伝達する2つの機能的特性を有 幹の前方回転速度に変換し それを利用した しており1 体幹の捻転動作を強調する事に 動作によって初速度を高めることが重要であ よってエネルギーの発生源としての体幹の役 り2 投げ出し局面の短時間に大きなパワー 割を大きくでき 腰と肩の位相ずれを抑えて を発揮するためには 上肢の SSC の効果を 捻転が生じないようにすることでエネルギー より有効に利用できる神経 筋機能あるいは の伝達効率を高めることができる4 このこ 動作技術の獲得が重要であることが報告され
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8 8 Ae, M., Muraki, Y., Koyama, H, and Fujii, N. (2007) A biomechanical method to establish a standard motion and identify critical motion by motion variability : With examples of high jump and sprint running. Bull. Inst. Health and Sport Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba 30 : Bartonietz, K. ( 2000 ) Javelin Throwing : an Approach to Performance Development. Biomechanics in Sport (ed) Zatsiorsky, Blackwell Science : Best, R. and Bartlett, R. (1988) Computer flight simulation of the men s new rules javelin. Biomechanics XI B : Best, R., Bartlett, R. and Morriss, C. (1993) A three dimensional analysis of javelin throwing technique. J.Sports Sci. 11 : Campos, J., Brizuela, G. and Ramon, V. (2004) Three dimensional kinematic analysis of elite javelin throwers at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. New Studies in Athletics 19 : Joris, H. J., van Muyen A. J., van Ingen Schenau G. J. and Kemper H. C. (1985) Force, velocity and energy flow during the overarm in female handball player.j.biomech.18 : Komi,P.V.andBuskirk,E.R.(1972) Effect of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human muscle. Ergonomics. 15 : Murakami,M.,Tanabe,S.,Ishikawa, M., Isolehto, J., Komi, P. V. and Ito, A. (2006) Biomechanical analysis of the javelin at the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. New Studies in Athletics 21 :
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