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2 A mē tēr gár té mé phēsi theà Thétis argurópeza U U U U U U U U U dikhthadías kē ras pherémen thanátoio télosde: U U U U U U U U U ei mén k aũthi ménōn Trō ōn pólin amphimakhōmai, U U U U U U ō leto mén moi nóstos, atàr kléos áphthiton estai: U U U U U U U U ei dé ken oikad hikōmi phílēn es patrída gaĩan, U U U U U U U U U ō letó moi kléos esthlón, epì dēròn dé moi aiṑn U U U U U U U U U 6

3 éssetai, oudé ké m ō ka télos thanátoio kikheíē U U U U U U U U U U dactylic hexameter foot U U U a α theà goddess argurópeza silver-footed z ζ /dz/ /zd/ dēròn long ē epì to ì ì d

4 d ten déka dáśa tasn brother-in-law daē r taygr devŕ fear deídi- dvi s ( hate ) erki- twice dís dvís erkic s d d d t *d d dv erk *dw d daśa ten déka decem taihun tasn *d 8

5 dvau two twai *dw- erk- erk- < *rk- < *dw- *d *r r e *dw- *w d dēròn dwēròn dēròn erkar long *dw- epì dēròn epì dwēròn epì ì dw ì *dw- d- Antoine Meillet, La méthode comparative en linguistique historique H. Aschehoug & Co, A. Meillet et J. Vendryes (1968) Traité de grammaire compare des langues classiques. H. Champion 47 Colin Renfrew (1987) Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo- European origins. Jonathan Cape. 9

6 ō ka swiftly ō kús swift āśú- *(h 1)ōkˆ u- swift *(h 1)ōkˆ u- swift *(h 1)ekˆ wos horse aśvas equus híppos *(h 1)ōkˆ - swift *(h 1)ekˆ wos horse 10

7 ,.... a-c úpa tvāgne dive dive dó sāvastar dhiyā vayám námo bháranta émasi.. a-c rā jantam adhvarā nā m gopā m r tásya d divim várdhamāna m své dáme [ ] [ ] [ ] gāyatr gāyatr pāda verse c stanza. r.. b. a. c. c své own dyauh day śvā dog 1970 r 11

8 diauh śuā. c své sué. a. a adhvarā nām religious service -ām -aam a- -āt -aat. b sadhásthāt from the place sadhásthaat *-VCV- *-VCV- > *-VV- > -V - *H laryngeal -ām -aam *-VHVm -āt -aat *-VHVd y v Lindeman svapnah sleep suapnah F. O. Lindeman (1965) La loi de Sievers et le début du mot en indo-européen. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 20 E. V. Arnold (1905 Vedic metre. Cambridge University Press 92 adhvarā n ām a- -ānām a- -ām -ōn -ām -ānām atmanām of souls n- Arnold

9 *-ōd baira [-a] I carry < *-ō phérō id. < *-ō ga-leiko [-o:] like, similarly < *-ōd aśvāt from a horse < *-ōd baira [-a] ga-leiko [-o:] stoßtonig (acute) schleiftonig (circumflex) bimoric trimoric acute circumflex H. Hirt 1892 Vom schleifenden und gestossenen Ton in den indogermanischen Sprachen. I & II. Indogermanische Forschungen 1 H. Krahe & W. Meid 1969 Germanische Sprachwissenschaft I. Einleitung und Lautlehre. Walter de Gruyter 132 G. S. Lane 1963 Bimoric and trimoric vowels and diphthongs: Laws of Germanic finals again. Journal of English and Germanic Philology

10 mergà[-a] female virgin acute mergõs [-o:] id. (gen. sg.) circumflex acute circumflex nucleus baira [-a] ga-leiko [-o:] vedù [-u] I lead < *véduo < *védō vil ko [-o:] of a wolf < *-ōd *-ohed baira *-oh A. Leskien 1881 Die Quantitätsverhältnisse im Auslaut des Litauischen. Travaux de cercle linguistique de Prague 4. gerà good geró-ji id. acute circumflex circumflex acute stød broken tone acute mergà [-a] < *mergā mergõs [-o:] acute circumflex *ō *uo *uo u acute a- 14

11 baira [-a] vedù [-u] *-oh ga-leiko [-o:] vil ko [-o:] *-ohed acute *-oh circumflex *-ohed acute circumflex a) s- *wē ĝh-s-t carried b) *wĺ k w ō s wolves < *-o-es c) *bhérō bore < *-o-h d) o- *-ōd < *-o-hed a) d) J. Jasanoff The Thirteenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference UCLA 15

12 a) c) d) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) *-ohed H H H H H B. Hayes (1989) Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 20 P. Ladefoged and I. Maddieson 1996 The sounds of the world s languages. Blackwell

13 pāscō feed š- protect *pehs- H pah argentum silver arkiš white *Herĝ- H h H *w *y *s H acute H acute acute H ā- ženy of a H H 17

14 woman ženy < *-ūs < *-ōs < *-oh 2os < *-ah 2as < *-eh 2-es H **žena < *-ās < *-ah 2as < *-eh 2-es *a > *o H H acute H baira [-a] ga-leiko [-o:] vedù [-u] vil ko [-o:] baira ga-leiko H *-o-h *-o-hed H *-ō *-a *-ohd H *-ō d baira [-a] ga-leiko [-o:] acute 18

15 vedù vil ko *-oh *-o-hed H *-ō acute *-ō o > *a *-ahad H *-ād *ō > *uo *-uo *-ùo *-u *ā > * ō *-ō d vedù vil ko H. Bùvo karãliaus duktė. Tėvaĩ jai dãvė žíedą ir liẽpė niẽkur nepamèsti. Jinaĩ nuė jo į dum burį praũstis bùrną. Ir įpúolė žíedas į dum burio gìlumą. Niẽks negalė jo pasíekti. Jinaĩ atsistójo ir ver kia. Žaltỹs atė jęs kláusia:,,kõ tu verkì? Mergáitė sãko:,,turė jau žíedą ir nupúolė į dum burio dùgną;. niẽks negãli pasíekti. Žaltỹs sãko:,,bū k màno patì, tai pasíeksiu! Mergáitė sutìko, sãko:,,geraĩ, bū siu! Žaltỹs sãkąs:,,utárninke atvažiúosiu į vestuvès. Ir išė męs pàdavė jai žíedą. A. Senn (1957) Handbuch der litauischen Sprache II. Carl Winter 24 19

16 pasíeksiu I will reach bū siu I will be atvažiúosiu I will arrive -siu *-siō (> *-siuo > -siu) -siu vak-syā -mi I will speak vak-šyā id. dúoti to give dā- id. sg. dúosiu du. dúosiva pl. dúosime dúosi du. dúosita pl. dúosite duõs participle dúosiant- A. Meillet (1937) Introduction à l étude comparative des langues indoeuropéennes. H. Champion

17 sg. dāsyāmi du. dāsyāvas pl. dāsyāmas dāsyasi du. dāsyathas pl. dāsyatha dāsyati du. dāsyatas pl. dāsyanti participle dāsyant- duõs *dōs-t(i) *-e/o- -i- dúosiu (< *-siō< *-o-h 2) *-e/o- *-e/o- dāsyāmi dúosiu dúosiant- āsyant- byšęšt-/byšǫšt- *bhūsye/ont- ruki (> *būxye/ont- > *būšye/ont- ) bū siant- bū šiiant- Ch. Stang (1966) Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen. Universitetsforlaget 398 athematic thematic *-e/o- 1 sg. *bhér-o-h2 I carry 2 sg. *bhér-e-si 3 sg. *bhér-e-ti s- 1 sg. rěx (< *rēk-s-o-m) 1 du. rěxově (< *rēk-s-o-vē) 1 pl. rěxom (< *rēk-s-o-mos) 2 pl. rěste (< *rēk-s-te) 3 pl. rěšę (< *rēk-s-n t) K. Yoshida (1988) A typological parallel between Latin and Old Church Slavic. Studia Phonologica 22. A. Meillet (1934) Le slave commun. H. Champion

18 *-sye/ont- athematic *dō s-n t(i) -i- > *in *dō s-int(i) (< *dō s-n t(i)) *n i *dō s-int(i) *dō sint(i) *dō si- athematic athematic fust erit (Latin), (s)he will be deiuast iurabit (Latin), (s)he will swear est ībit (Latin), (s)he will go J. Jasanoff (1978) Stative and middle in Indo-European. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck 106 pēs (< *ped-s) pedis (< *ped-es) *ped- *-s *-es u- fotus fotaus *-m *pod-m *-um *-um *-m u 22

19 -st thematic *-set syncope syncope s- s- thematic -st athematic future perfect faxō faxis faxit *-e/o- thematic *dhh 1k-se/o- faxim faxīs faxit thematic *-ih 1- faxĩ- (< *dhh 2ks-ih 1-) athematic faxō thematic athematic faxim *fak-s-m (athematic) faxō (thematic) *fak-s-ī-m (athematic) faxim (athematic) C. D. Buck (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Georg Olms 169 A. Ernout (1953) Morphologie historique du latin. Klincksieck 162 *-ye/o- *-e/o- *dhh2k-ye/o-e/o- > 1 sg. faciam 2 g. faciēs 3 sg. faciet 23

20 s- athematic athematic s- *leg- lie *aneg- protect *sed- sit *reg- arise *ret- run *tek- flee -lé < *-less < *-leg-s-ti -ain < *-aness < *-aneg-s-ti seiss < *sed-s-ti-s -ré < *-ress < *-reg-s-ti reiss < *ret-s-ti-s -tess < *-tek-s-mi s- s- s- s- athematic thematic athematic -tess I will flee athematic thematic u **-tius < *-tessū < *-tek-s-ō < *-tek-s-o-h 2 s- R. Thurneysen (1975) A grammar of Old Irish. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 410 absolute form conjunct form W. Cowgill (1975) The origin of the Insular Celtic conjunt and absolute verbal endings. Flexion und Wortbildung. Reichert s- -mór (s)he magnified (< *-mārass < *-māra-s-t) s- -gé (s)he might pray (< *-gess < *-geds-t) s- -gig (s)he will pray (< *-gigess < *-giged-s-t) athematic 24

21 athematic s- *-sye/ont- sya- sya- vaks yant- (< vac- say ) dāsyant- (< dā- give ) karis yant- (< make ) kr hanis yant- (< han- slay ) sya- athematic s- *-sye/o- 1. Ba imned la Fráech cen acallaim na ingine, sech ba hé less nod mbert. Laithe n-and atraig deud aidche do inlut dond abainn. Is hé tan dolluidsi ón ocus a hinailt do indlut. Gaibidsom a lláimsi. An rim acallaim, ol sé. Is tú doróachtamar. Is fo chen limas. ém, ol ind ingen, má chotíssind. Ní chumgaimm ní duit. Ceist, in n-éláfa limm? Ní élub ém, ol sí, ór issam ingen ríg ocus rígna. A. A. MacDonell (1910) Vedic grammar. Karl J. Trübner 386 W. Meid (ed.) (1974) Táin Bó Fraích. The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 25

22 abainn aub (< *abū < *abō) Avon Stratford-upon-Avon aub abainn āˇp- āp- *h ep- *-h on *h ep-h on *-h on (Hoffmann suffix) aub n abainn n E. Hamp (1972) Palaic h a-a-ap-na-aš river Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 30. K. Hoffmann (1955) Ein grundsprachliches Possessivsuffix. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 6. mąθraā (< *mentro-h3ō n) prophet < mantra-having mąθra- thought G.-J. Pinault (2000) Védique dámūnas-, Latin dominus et l origine du suffixe de Hoffmann. Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris 95 n homō man (< *-ōn) hominem (< *-ōnm ) aśmā (< *-ōn) sky aśmānam (< *-ōnm ) 26

23 apaš river h apnaš id. a- n h n aub *h *h pibati (s)he drinks bibit id. ibid id. *pi-ph - e-ti b *h *p bibit b p *h 3 aub *h 2ep-h 3on apaš river h apaš p h apaš p h *h 2ep-h 3on *h 3 *p *b *b 27

24 11 dolluidsi do-tét (s)he comes, goes do-luid nasalizing relative do- ll -si emphasizing pronoun root aorist *-s- s- sigmatic aorist *-e/o- thematic aorist avidat (s)he saw é(w)ide egit *(e)- wid-e(-t) do-luid [do-luø ] do-luid [ø ] *e do- luid ēluthe (s)he went, came A läc (s)he went B lac id. *(e)-h 1ludh-e(-t) G. Cardona (1960) The Indo-European thematic aorists, Ph. D. dissertation, Yale University. *-e/o- A. Lehrman (1985) Simple thematic imperfectives in Anatolian and Indo-European. Ph. D. dissertation, Yale University 28

25 *wid- 12 a a a 45 a 12 a chenn [a x en] a ben [a β en] a cenn [a k en] a ben [a b en] a cenn [a g en] a mben [a m en] a A läc B lac lät- (< *h1ludh-) go out e- lut- (< *h1leudh-) drive away C. Watkins (1969) Indogermanische Grammatik III/1, Carl Winter 64 [k] > [g] 29

26 s *esyo g w ēnā> *esyo β ēnā> a ben [a β en] *esyās g w ēnā> *esyās b ēnā> a ben [a b en] *eisōm g w ēnā > *eisōm mb ēnā> a mben [a m en] 11 a lláimsi -si a lláim l a l i-in-kat-ta (s)he presented li-in-kat-ta (s)he swore h *-t -ta *-t > *-d *-t do-beir b who bears bears whom b (s)he bears do-bbeir H. Eichner (1975) Die Vorgeschichte des hethitischen Verbalsystems. Flexion und Wortbildung. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag 79 30

27 fust (s)he will be *-t fusíd (s)he would have been -ta h ink- link- i-in-kat-ta ta h i-in-kat h -t -ta A A B 13 A mā nu täs knānmāñcäśśi śäk-wäknā k ulewāsac tun k tsänātsi tärkor. tam ne wewñu: lāñci k uleyac pācri śnac ms apam tināp śnac s ñas s eyāp śnac käs s iyāp śnac lyutār memas potars kām k uleyac kälpa-pälskām k uleyac mākis kälkālyām k uleyac lyutār-pāk kräm tsonām k uleyac śol kulypamäntāp mā yäl. nunak 5. pältsän kās : kus nu cämpis :, tam ne kräm tsonām tam ne-tkanā tam ne-pras tā kälporäs, āñcäm sākässi! 50 K. Yoshida (2002) Observations on some cuneiform spellings: epithetic or graphic? Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. Institute for the Study of Man W. Thomas (1964) Tocharisches Elementarbuch II, Carl Winter 21 31

28 *kˆ k s ƒ *kˆ centum sat6m < *kˆ tom m 11 śäk-wäknā of ten kinds śäk *dekˆ m decem dasa *kˆ kitta(ri) (s)he lies *kˆ eitor śete id. *kˆ *kˆ *h 32

29 *-r *-ā- *kˆ *kˆ 13 lāñci royal king lānt -i (< *-yo) C. Melchert (1998) The dialectal positon of Anatolian within Indo-European. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 11 33

30 king A wäl lānt B walo lānte *wlōnt- *wlōnt-s > *wl lōnt-s > *wälā *wlōnt-os > *lāntæ (7) Lindeman *wlōnt-s *wl lōnt-s > *äl *wälā *l *wälā *w *wälo A wäl B *ä *a walo t *-es *-os *wlōnt-os *lāntæ A lānt B *æ > e lānte A wäl lānt B walo lānte mouse mice mūs mȳs *mu:s *mu:s-i *mu:s-i *-i (< *-iz < *-es) i- valeō I am powerful valda to wield *wal- 34

31 book bōc (< *bōk) bēc (< *bōk-i) beech books -s mice 56 *s earth ks ā m khthō n s th *ĝhøom- *s *ø r ks ah árktos *r kˆ os * s t *ø * *ø * 13 book **beech beech bēce book beech *bhāgo- J. Pokorny (1959) Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch I. Francke Verlag 414 Pokorny (1959)

32 tam ne-tkanā in such a place tkanā A tkam B kem *tkæm ks ā m khthō n *ĝhøom- K T Kø TK te-e-kán earth ták-naa-aš scriptio plena e- o- e- *dhéĝ h-ōm *dhĝh-m-és TK TK TK Kø ø 60 TK T TK > KT > Kø Kø TeK- amphikinetic šiṷatt- day dyút- shine amphikinetic *diˆéṷ-ot-m *diˆu-tés K. Yoshida (2000) The original Ablaut of Hittite šiu.ˆ att-. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 60 J. Schindler (1977) A thorny problem. Die Sprache

33 TT st zt TK > øk > Kø *s sheep χawã- * h ar-tág-ga-aš [hartkas] TK *r kˆ os *r tkˆ os E. Kalinka (1901) Tituli Asiae Minoris: Tituli Lyciae lingua Lycia conscripti. Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky 92 37

34 14 1. ebẽñnẽ prñnawã me ne prñnawatẽ ijamara terssiχleh tideimi malijahi wedrẽñnehi aχ#ãtaza me pibijeti prñnezi se tteri adaijẽ mei ne ñtawãtã pibijeti tere ebehẽ me ije ne hrppi tãti tike ijamaraje tibe ladi ehbi hrpp[ije mei] tadi tike kbi tike χttbadi ẽti 5. prñn[ezi tibe] kbijehi tike me httẽmi ãnabajẽ se [ ] wedrẽñni ãm mãma km ma sñta wawã se k[ ] χawã sẽ ne tesẽti qãñti trm milijẽt#i [.] (?)? 10? *h 1 *h 2 *h 3 *h 1 *h 3 *h 2 *h 2 *h 3 h a- h *h 2 *h 3 *e *a *o *a *o *a a- h *h 2e- (> *h 2a-) *h 3e- (> *h 3o- > *h 3a-) *h 2o- (> *h 2a-) *h 3o- (> *h 3a-) a- M. Mayrhofer (1986) Indogermanische Grammatik I/2. Lautlehre. Carl Winter 38

35 *h 2e- h ant- front antí- < *h 2ent- o- *h 3e- *h 2o- *h 3o- sheep UDU āṷīš hawa/i- h χawa- *h 2 *h 3 oĩs ovis o *h 2oṷi- *h 3eṷi- *h 3oṷi- ant- front (< *h 2ent-) h χñtawa- rule *h 2- χ- appar- business, trade h epirije sell - = χ- = *h 2- h - = ø- = *h 3- h χawa- sheep χ- *h 2- *h 2oṷi- *h 3eṷi- *h 3oṷi- *h 2oṷi- S. Kimball (1987) *H3 in Anatolian. Festschrift for Henry Hoenigswald on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, eds. by George Cardona et al. Gunter Narr

36 *h 2oṷıi- χawa- *o *a *a *e *i *u a = a = a = *a e = a = a = *o 1 -χa/-χã/-gã a -h h *-h 2e (> *-h 2a) ñte into anda endo *endo *h 2oṷi- e χawa- a χawa- h āṷīš hawa/i- *h 2oṷıi- χawa- H. C. Melchert (1992) Relative chronology and Anatolian: the vowel system. Rekonstruktion und Relative Chronologie, eds. by Robert Beekes et al. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. *h2eṷi- oĩ s ovis o H. C. Melchert (1994) Anatolian Historical Phonology. Rodopi

37 o- acrostatic CV(R)C- *h 2oṷi- acrostatic *h 2oṷi- *h 2óṷ-i-s *h 2éṷ-i-s oĩs ovis *h 2óṷ-i- *h 2éṷ-i- foot *pód- *péd- pō s podós pēs pedis χawa- a *h 2e > *h 2a > χa sheep 41

38 avis oĩs ovis *avis *avis *owis *h 2óṷ-i- *h 2óṷ-i- *h 2éṷ-i- A. Schleicher (1868) Eine Fabel in indogermanischer Ursprache. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 5. ca /t a/ and kad /kad/ what *k w e > *ke > *ce > ca *k w od > *kod > kad a *e *o H. Hirt (1939) Die Hauptprobleme der indogermanischen Sprachwissenschaft. Max Niemeyer. 42

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