( ) 2000 Oct. 16 Part.1 earliest version by S.N Nov. 07 Part.2 earliest version by S.N Nov. 14 Part.3 earliest version by S.N Jul. 2

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1 ( ) 2000 Oct. 16 Part.1 earliest version by S.N Nov. 07 Part.2 earliest version by S.N Nov. 14 Part.3 earliest version by S.N Jul. 23 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N Apr. 06 Minor-revised all Part by S.N Jul. 07 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N Feb. 13 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N Dec. 10 Major-revised all Part by S.N. ( ) ( ) minor-revision ( ) (black body radiation) (emission line) (absorption line) (extinction) (color) ( ) ( ) 1

2 r 1/4 ( ; U B ) ( ; Rc Ic ) i) (UV) ii) iii) iv) v) i) v) ( ) UNIX(or Linux) IRAF ( ) 2 IRAF = Image Reduction and Analysis Facility: 2

3 I ( ) 5 1 ( ) 5 2 ( ) 5 3 ( ) IRAF/IMSURFIT MEDIAN MODE mode SPIRAL/SKYSUB Seeing GAUSS STSDAS/lucy IMCOMBINE offsets IMSHIFT SPIRAL/imregist : seeing II ( ) 15 3

4 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) APPHOT DAOPHOT DoPHOT Source Extractor(SExtractor) FOCAS SKYCAT/GAIA ( ) ( ) III flux density ( ) Galactic extinction: mg Internal extinction: m i K-dimming: m k

5 I ( ) 1 ( ) (raw data) 1.! 2. CCD 3. ( ) (air glow) (city light) 6. CCD (flat) ( ) = {( ) + ( ) + ( )} ) + ( ) + ( ) (1) ( ) ( ) (reduction: ) 2 ( ) (1) (flat fielding) S/N(signal to noise ratio) (cosmic rays) 2 ( ) ( ) IRAF imarith S/N imcombine 5

6 3 ( ) 3.1 CCD 10 (dark.lst) IRAF cdark.fits cdark.fits combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 cdark.fits combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 (rawdata.lst) (dsub.lst) (rawdata.lst ) (cdark.fits) dsub.lst cdark.fits cdark.fits (bias.lst) bias.fits bias.fits combine=median combine median combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 ( 6

7 less) (data.lst) (bsub.lst) data.lst bias.fits bsub.lst data.lst rawdata.lst bias.fits 3.3 (flat fielding) ( ) (twilight flat) CCD CCD ( ) ( 10 ) ( ) ( ) (bsflat.lst ) fields=mode format=no > bsflatmode.dat flatmode.dat fields=midpt (IRAF?) (normalize) (nmflat.lst) nmflat.lst 7

8 @nmflat.lst flat.fits combine= median flat.fits (bsobj.lst) (ffobj.lst) / ffobj.lst IRAF/IMSURFIT ( ) ( ffobj.lst ) ( ssobj.lst ) xorder=? yorder=? xmedian=? ymedian=? (? xorderyorder=0 4 xmedianymedian= CCD ) xorderyorder type ou=residual type ou fit 8

9 4.2 MEDIAN imsurfit (?) imsurfit median (imput image name) (output image name) xwindow=? ywindow=? xwindow ywindow (xwindows ywindows=32 256?) 4.3 MODE MEDIAN MEDIAN MODE imsurfit mode (imput image name) (output image name) xwindow=? ywindow=? xwindow ywindow (median ) MEDIAN 4.4 mode imstat imarith imsurfit xorder=0 yorder=0 4.5 SPIRAL/SKYSUB SPIRAL(Surface Photometry Interactive Reduction and Analysis Library: IRAF SPIRAL skysub ( ) 1) 2) 3) imsurfit ( ) 9

10 5 S/N Seeing 5.1 Seeing seeing artificial seeing imexam seeing seeing GAUSS IRAF gauss Gaussian (?) input file output file Gaussian Gaussian seeing seeing seeing ( ) STSDAS/lucy STSDAS(=Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System: /resources/software hardware/stsdas) IRAF LUCY PSF (=Point Spread Function) PSF ( ) PSF 1 ( ) artificial PSF 5.2 seeing (airmass = ) ( ) 10

11 ( ) ( airmass) IRAF imarith 5.3 ( ) 1) 2) 1) IRAF x1:x2 y1:y2 fixpix (image1.fits) (badpix.dat) fixpix image1.fits badpix.dat artificial image1. fits OK 6 IRAF imcombine IMCOMBINE offsets imcombine offsets x y imexam ( x y ) 1 11

12 6.0.2 IMSHIFT IRAF imshift x y 1 imshift SPIRAL/imregist SPIRAL/imregist 1 x y skysub ( ) x y ( ) 7 IMRED/CCDRED/cosmicrays ( ) combine=average reject=sigslip hsigma=? lsigma=? imcombine ( ) combine=median 1 2 cosmicrays combine=median CCD 8 : 8.1 (1) ( ) = {( )+( )+( )} ( )+( )+( ) (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) ( ) = {( )+( )+( )} ( )+( )+( ) (3) (2) 12

13 (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) (2) (3) ( ) + ( ) (4) ( ) (5) (4) (5) ( ) imshift SPIRAL/imregist 8.3 seeing seeing ( ) IRAF/GAUSS 8.4 seeing (4) (5) ( ) 1 CCD SED ( ) SED 13

14 flux fluxes fluxes IRAF/imexam a IRAF/APPHOT 8.5 SED ( ) ( kCCD ) ( ) 14

15 II ( ) 9 ( ) 9.1 ( ) astrometry (magnitude) (Hipparchus) 19 (Pogson) ( ) λ (flux density)f λ (erg s 1 cm 2 Å 1 ) λ m λ F λ m λ (6) ( ) (6) xx yy erg/s 6 xx (αlyr) 0 ( 0 V 0.03 ) F λ0 (6) F λ = F λ m λ (7) F λ0 (7) m λ0 = 2.5 log F λ0 m λ = m λ0 2.5 log F λ (8) F λ m λ m λ0 m λ0 (magnitude zero point) ( : calibration) C λ ( ADU: Analog-to-Digital Unit) (linearity) C 15

16 F λ (8) F λ C λ C λ m λ m λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 C λ = C λ m λ (9) m λ = m λ0 2.5 log C λ (10) F λ C λ α F λ = αc λ (11) α (flux calibration) 9.2 ( ) I 0 κ x I [ ] I = I 0 exp κdx (12) ( ) h z κ 0 (12) exp κdx = sec z κdh = κ 0 sec z (13) (12) I = I 0 exp [ κ 0 sec z] (14) 2.5 log I = 2.5 log I κ 0 sec z log e (15) 2.5 log I log I κ 0 z z ( ) (13) κdx = F (z)κ 0 (16) F (z) sec z (Bemporad) 1 F (z) sec z F (z) = sec z (sec z 1) (sec z 1) (sec z 1) 3 (17) (17) z < % 16

17 1: z sec z F (z) z sec z F (z) κ 0 ( ) z ( ) (photometric standard stars) p m obs m cat (m obs m cat ) F (z) (m obs m cat ) F (z) z (airmass plot) ( ) κ λ0 m λ = m λ + κ λ0 F (z) (18) m λ κ λ0f (z) s ( ) m λ 9.3 ( ) Landolt (1992) Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc Ic 1) 2) (CCD ) 3) ( Rc Ic ) ( U B ) ( ) ( ) ( SED) m λ m λ Col n(n = ) 17

18 m λ = m λ + Col 1 color + Col 2 color 2 + Col 3 color (19) color B V g r Col n n ( ) (color transformation coefficient) color 2 ( ) Col (18) (19) m λ m λ m λ = m λ + a + Col 1 color + κ λ0 F (z) (20) a 0 Col 1 0 κ λ0 Col 1 (20) m λ m λ = a + Col 1 color + κ λ0 F (z) (21) a Col 1 κ λ0 Col 1 a κ λ0 (21) F (z) sec z ( I ) 2. m λ0 m λ0 m λins (instrumental magnitude) C λ (ADU) m λ0 m λins m λins = m λ0 2.5 log C λ (22) 3. (ADU) (ADU) (ADU) (ADU) = m λ log log (20) (21) a 18

19 4. m λcat m λins m λcat m λins F (z)( sec m n m λcat m λins = m F (z) + n (23) F (z) (17) 1 m n m λcat m λins 5. m λ ( I ) 2. m λ0 m λ0 m λins 3. (21) color (instrumental color ) a Col 1 κ λ0 gnuplot 4. (aperture photometry) (surface photometry) 10.4 ( ) (10) m λ0 m λ0 (10) ( extended sources ) mag arcsec ADU 1 arcsec 2 1ADU µ λ0 1 ( ) m λ0 µ λ0 1 1(pixel) = S(arcsec 2 ) 1 arcsec 2 (ADU) (9) 1 S C λ = 1 S C λ m λ = C λ µ λ (24) 19

20 C λ0 1 arcsec2 (24) m λ µ λ (24) 2.5 log C λ log S = log C λ0 (25) m λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 µ λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 m λ log S = µ λ0 (26) µ λ0 1(arcsec 2 ) 1(ADU) 11 λ 1 λ 2 (λ 1 < λ 2) m λ 1 m λ 2 - m λ 2 m λ1 - m λ2 m λ 1 (m λ1 m λ2 ) = p 12 + q 12 (m λ 1 m λ 2 ) + r 12 F (z) (27) p 12 0 q 12 1 ( 2 ) r 12 F (z) sec z p 12 q 12 r 12 p 12 r 12 q 12 (27) q 12 (color-color transformation coefficient) 12 m λ IRAF IRAF 12.1 APPHOT IRAF ( ) 20

21 12.2 DAOPHOT IRAF Point Spread Function (PSF) (PSF ) Gaussian profile Stetson P. B DAOPHOT - A computer program for crowded-field stellar photometry PASP DoPHOT IRAF/DAOPHOT PSF Schechter P. L. Mateo M. & Saha A DoPHOT A CCD Photometry Program: Description and Tests PASP Source Extractor(SExtractor) IRAF Source Extractor σ ( ) ( ) Bertin E. & Arnouts S SExtractor: Software for source extraction A&AS ( ) 12.5 FOCAS IRAF Faint Object Classification and Analysis System Faint Object Camera And Spectrograph for the subaru telescope SExtractor INT ( ) Jarvis J. F. & Tyson J. A FOCAS Faint Object Classification and Analysis System AJ SKYCAT/GAIA IRAF SKYCAT add-on Aperture Draper P. W GAIA: Recent Developments ASP. Conf. Ser (photometric standard stars) (spectrophotometric standard stars: ) 21

22 13.1 ( ) Landolt A. U AJ (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc and Ic pointing charts ) Landolt A. U AJ (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc and Ic pointing charts ) Forbes M. C. Dodd R. J. & Sullivan D. J BaltA (Vilnius photometric system U P X Y Z V S pointing charts ) Misselt K. A PASP (B V R pointing charts ) Clausen J. V. Larsen S. S. Garcia J. M. Gimenez A. & Storm J A&AS (u v b y β pointing charts FTP DL ) Forbes M. Dodd R. J. & Sullivan D. J BaltA (Vilnius photometric system U P X Y Z V S pointing charts ) Cernis K. Bartasiute S. Straizys V. & Janulis R BaltA (Vilnius photometric system U P X Y Z V S pointing charts ) Kilkenny D. van Wyk F. Roberts G. Marang F. & Cooper D MNRAS (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc and Ic pointing charts ) Siegel M. H. Bond H. E AJ (Thuan-Gunn u pointing charts Landolt 1992 AJ ) Landolt A. U AJ (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc and Ic pointing charts ) Kilkenny D. Koen C. van Wyk F. Marang F. & Cooper D MNRAS (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc Ic; Near IR: J H K and L pointing charts ) Landolt A. U AJ (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc and Ic Landolt 1992 AJ ) 13.2 ( ) UKIRT BRIGHT STANDARDS cal/ukirt stds.html (J H K L L and M) Carrasco L. Garcia-Barreto A. Recillas-Cruz E. Cruz-Gonzalez I. & Serrano A PASP (OAN J H K pointing charts ) Hunt L. K. et al AJ (J H and K) Persson S. E. et al AJ (J H K and Ks) 22

23 Guetter H. H. Vrba F. J. Henden A. A. & Luginbuhl C. B AJ (CIT J H and K pointing charts ) Leggett S. K. Currie M. J. Varricatt W. P. Hawarden T. G. Adamson A. J. Buckle J. Carroll T. Davies J. K. Davis C. J. Kerr T. H. Kuhn O. P. Seigar M. S. & Wold T MNRAS (J H and K) Kilkenny D. Koen C. van Wyk F. Marang F. & Cooper D MNRAS (Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc Ic; Near IR: J H K and L pointing charts ) 13.3 Hayes D. S ApJ ( Å-10880Å pointing charts ) Komarov N. S. Karamysh V. F. & Pozigun V. A SvA ( Å-9000Å pointing charts Komarov Karamysh & Pozigun 1978 AZh ) Taylor B. J AJ ( Å-10800Å pointing charts ) Voloshina I. B. Glushneva I. N. & Shenavrin V. I SvA ( Å-18000Å pointing charts Voloshina Glushneva & Shenavrin 1980 AZh ) Oke J. B. & Gunn J. E ApJ ( Å-10820Å pointing charts ) Cochran A. L ApJS ( Å-10000Å pointing charts ) Adelman S. J. & Shore S. N AJ ( Å-10800Å pointing charts ) Oke J. B. & Gunn J. E ApJ ( Å-12000Å pointing charts ) Stone R. P. S. & Baldwin J. A MNRAS ( Å-8370Å pointing charts ) Baldwin J. A. & Stone R. P. S MNRAS (Stone & Baldwin 1983 MNRAS ) Filippenko A. V. & Greenstein J. L PASP ( Å-10000Å pointing charts ) Massey P. Strobel K. Barnes J. V. & Anderson E ApJ ( Å-8100Å pointing charts ) 23

24 Oke J. B AJ ( Å-9200Å pointing charts ) Massey P. & Gronwall C ApJ ( Å-10200Å pointing charts ) Glushneva I. N. Kharitonov A. V. Kniazeva L. N. Shenavrin V. I A&AS ( Å-7600Å 6000Å-10800Å pointing charts ) Hamuy M. Walker A. R. Suntzeff N. B. Gigoux P. Heathcote S. R. & Phillips M. M PASP ( Å-7556Å pointing charts ) Hamuy M. Suntzeff N. B. Heathcote S. R. Walker A. R. Gigoux P. & Phillips M. M PASP ( Å-10500Å pointing charts ) Biryukov V. V. Borisov G. V. Glushneva I. N. & Shenavrin V. I A&AT ( Å-7525Å pointing charts ) Borisov G. V. Glushneva I. N. & Shenavrin V. I A&AT ( Å-7525Å pointing charts ) Hickson P. & Mulrooney M. K ApJ ( nm-920nm pointing charts ) Bessell M. S PASP ( Å-10500Å pointing charts SEDs FTP DL) Stritzinger M. Suntzeff N. B. Hamuy M. Challis P. Demarco R. Germany L. & Soderberg A. M PASP ( Å-11000Å pointing charts SEDs FTP DL) 13.4 Smith J. A. Tucker D. L. Kent S. Richmond M. W. Fukugita M. Ichikawa T. Ichikawa S. Jorgensen A. M. Uomoto A. Gunn J. E. Hamabe Masaru. Watanabe M. Tolea A. Henden A. Annis J. Pier J. R. McKay T. A. Brinkmann J. Chen B. Holtzman J. Shimasaku K. & York D. G AJ (SDSS Johnson-Cousins ) Chonis T. S. & Gaskell C. M AJ (SDSS Johnson-Cousins ) wget/releases/allsky/doc/sec6 4b.html (2MASS ) 24

25 III 14 IRAF IRAF 1) 2) ( ) 3) 4) flux 5) ( ) 6) 7) 15 m 0 mag µ 0 mag arcsec ( H 0 km s 1 Mpc 1 ) v gal (km s 1 ) D gal (Mpc) D gal = v gal /H 0 (28) 0 (z 0.5 ) ( 10kpc ) Our Galaxy (Milky Way) Virgo infall ( ) Our Galaxy (Milky Way) Our Galaxy (Virgo Cluster) (Virgo infall) heliocentric radial velocity V helio (km s 1 ) Our Galaxy Our Galaxy V GSR (km s 1 ) (GSR: Galactic Standard of Rest) (Galactic longitude) (Galactic latitude) l b V GSR = V helio + 9 cos l cos b sin l cos b + 7 sin b (29) 25

26 V GSR (28) v gal (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991) 15.2 ( = ) ( ) seeing ( ) seeing = XX arcsec XX S/N = XX XX XX ( ) seeing (...) 1 ( 1σ )I BG IRAF/imstat ( ) I BG S/N FWHM 1σ 1σ µ BG1σ µ BG1σ = µ log I BG (30) II 1 UH88 8k-mosaic CCD 1 pixel = 0.13 arcsec ( 2 pixel binning 1 pixel = 0.26 arcsec) I BG 0.13 arcsec 0.13 arcsec m 0 I BG (1 arcsec 1 arcsec) / (0.13 arcsec 0.13 arcsec) m 0 µ 0 I BG 15.3 (aparent magnitude) C gal (10) m gal Aperture photometry IRAF/APPHOT SKYCAT/GAIA SExtractor FOCAS aperture photometry (isophotal magnitude) 26

27 15.4 flux density m gal flux density f λgal f λgal = f λ m gal (31) flux density f νgal f νgal = f ν m gal (32) f λ0 f λ0 ( ) flux Fukugita et al. (1995) f λ f ν (flux) f f λ = df/dλ f ν = df/dν f λ dλ = f ν dν (33) c = λν f λ f ν 15.5 ( ) SPIRAL/isophotes STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ( ) SPIRAL/isophotes fits ( ) (contour map: ) vi :wq vi STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ellipse epar ellipse ellipse (pset) ellipse :e :q isomap 15.6 SPIRAL STSDAS SPIRAL/PROFS mmprof vprof ( ) mmprof prfplot vprof vprof gnuplot windows Ngraph 27

28 STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ellise isoplot STSDAS tedit D G (pc) (aparent magnitude) m λgal (absolute magnitude) M λgal M λgal = m λgal log D G (34) 3 1. Our Galaxy (Milky Way) (Galactic extinction) 2. (Internal extinction) 3. (K-dimming) Galactic extinction Internal extinction K-correction (K-dimming ) mg m i m k M gal M λgal = m λgal log D G m g m i m k (35) V -band (mag) A V Galactic extinction: mg Galactic extinction Our Galaxy (Milky Way) (1994) (Hi ) (Burstein & Heiles 1982) IRAS 100 µm (Schlegel 1998) Our Galaxy ( ) ( Cardelli et al. 1989) NED(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: mg mg Internal extinction: m i Internal extinction (HST) M104( ) ( ) m i 28

29 2: The internal extinction coefficients Type D K D H D J D V D B D U E-S S0a Sa Sab Sb Sbc Sc Irr Taken from Gavazzi & Boselli (1996) face-on view edge-on view m i Gavazzi & Boselli (1996) m i = 2.5 D(type) log(d min /D maj ) (36) D(type) internal extinction coefficients 2 D maj D min major axes minor axes K-dimming: m k K-dimming m k m k = 2.5 log(1 + z) log 0 0 S(λ)I 0 (λ)dλ S(λ)I z (λ)dλ I 0 (λ) I z (λ) rest-frame z SED S(λ) (filter response function: ) 1 2 spectral energy distribution (SED) redshift m k ( 1990 ) Kinney et al. (1996: B-band) Coleman et al. (1980: U B V R-band) Pence (1976: U B V -band) ( ) K-correction (37) 16 II Burstein D. & Heiles C AJ Cardelli J. A. Clayton G. C. & Mathis J. S ApJ Coleman G. D. Wu C.-C. & Weedman D. W ApJS

30 de Vaucouleurs G. de Vaucouleurs A. Corwin C. Jr. Buta R. J. Paturel G. & Fouqúe P Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. (Springer-Verlag) Fukugita M. Shimasaku K. & Ichikawa T PASP Gavazzi G. & Boselli A Astro. Lett. and Comm Kinney A. L. Calzetti D. Bohlin R. C. McQuade K. Storchi-Bergmann T. & Schmitt H. R ApJ Pence W ApJ Persson. S. E. et al AJ Schlegel D. J. Finkbeiner D. P. & Davis M ApJ ( 90 1 ) p p. 421 I 1981 p. 115 (1997 ) 1997 HST 1995 HST ( 1 ) IRAF ( 2 2 ) 1994 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) SPIRAL (JAXA) 2kCCD kCCD ( ) ( ) (2009/12/10 nishiura@ugakuge.ac.jp) 30

Ando_JournalClub_160708

Ando_JournalClub_160708 Independent discoveries of a tidally disrupting dwarf galaxy around NGC 253! A Tidally Disrupting Dwarf Galaxy in the Halo of NGC 253 Toloba, E. et al. 2016, ApJL, 816, L5 (hereafter T16, accepted 2015.12.07)