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1 X u

2 X X X X X SNR X X ChandraX kev 1 1 X 3 X

3 1 3 2 X X Powerlaw BlackBody( ) Disk-BlackBody X HMXB:High-Mass X-ray Binary, LMXB(Low-Mass X-ray Binary) BHC(Black Hole Candidate) (SNR Supernova Remnant) X Overview X X X Chandra Chandra High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) X CCD ACIS-S ACIS-S X X

4 4.3 Color-Color Disk Black Body T in -L x M101 NGC4038 NGC

5 1 ( ) ( ) ( 1.1) NGC : X X ( ) X 0.8M 0.8 3M X 3 8M 8M 3

6 3 X X 1 1 X Chandra ASCA Einstein ROSAT X 1 1 X 4

7 2 X X X 2.1 X X X X ( ) Powerlaw powerlaw N(E)dEdt E α dedt α photon index log-log powerlaw photon index α normalization 2 powerlaw powerlaw α log N log E α α BlackBody( ) black body n σ d τ=nσd 1 5

8 B(E,T)dEdSdt = 2ν2 c 1 2 exp(e/kt) 1 dedsdt kt E > kt black body kt normalization 2 B(T )= B(E,T)EdE = σt 4 ( σ= erg cm 2 deg 4 s 1 ) R L =4πR 2 σt 4 D ( ) L R 2 f = 4πD = σt 4 2 D ( ) 2 ( ) D R 2 ( ) T 4 = erg/s/cm 2 1Mpc 10km 1keV Disk-BlackBody X X Disk Black Body DBB(multicolor blackbody) (Mitsuda et al.1984,makishima et al.1986) X M x ( M) X r T Ṁ r dr 6

9 2 2πrdr σt(r) 4 = 1 ( 2 d GṀM ) x r T r ( 3G MM x T (r) = 8πσr 3, A(E) = rout r in ) 1 4 2πr B[E,T(r)]dr T r r T A(E) = 8π 3 r in 2 Tin T out (T/T in ) 11/3 B(E,T)dT/T in r out (T out ) B(T )= B(E,T)EdE = σt 4 L = A(E)EdE =4πr in2 σt in 4 i, D f = L ( ) cos i cos i = 4πD2 D r 2 σt 2 in 4 in = ( ) D rin 2 ( ) 4 Tin...(1) 1Mpc 1km 1keV diskblackbody ( 2.1) DBB T in normalization 2 7

10 2.1: powerlaw Black Body Disk-Black Body X X X 10 6 K X 0.5-2keV O Ne Mg Fe n i f i σ i d ( exp ) nf i σ i d i i i f i σ i N H =nd( ) N H N H cm 2 X 1keV 8

11 2.2 X (SNR) (HMXB High-Mass X- ray Binary ) (LMXB Low-Mass X-ray Binary) (BHB black hole binaries) K X X erg/s HMXB:High-Mass X-ray Binary, HMXB B G X L x = erg/s 10keV α= powerlaw (2.1.2) ( 1992 ) B=10 12 G ( < 10 3 yr) X X L x = erg/s ( 1997 ) 2.2: HMXB X 9

12 2.2.2 LMXB(Low-Mass X-ray Binary) LMXB X 60% ( ) L x = erg/s disk black body (3.3.4) T in 1.5 kev T 2keV (Mitsuda et al. 1986) 2.3: LMXB X BHC(Black Hole Candidate) BHC X diskbbody powerlaw (Makishima et al. 1986) diskbbody powerlaw powerlaw T in = kev photon index α = L x = erg/s 10

13 2.4: BHC X (SNR Supernova Remnant) SNR X SNR SNR X T 10 7 K ( 2.5 ) SNR X photon index α 2.0 powerlaw ( 2.5 ) 11

14 2.5: SNR X ( ) SNR X 2 ( ) L x (erg/s) (yr) HMLB powerlaw < 10 7 LMXB diskbbody+bbody BHC powerlaw+diskbbody < 10 7 SNR mekal+powerlaw : X L ρ M R n e σ T GM R 2 ρdrds > = L 4πR 2 n eσ T dsdr L E < = 4πcGMρ n e σ T M M erg/s 12

15 M=1.4 M L NS E = erg/s 2.3 X Overview L x < =10 38 erg/s X L x > erg/s X X AGN X SNR X X L x = erg/s T 1keV X (Canizares et al.) X Chandra 1 1 LMXB (Matsushita et al. 1994) X X (L x = erg/s) X (L x erg/s) (Fabbiano et al. 1989;Makishima et al. 2000) M81 M51 NGC253 M101 M82 SNR X M X L x = erg/s T

16 K X 2.4 X X X X 3 ( ) X LMXB X X HMXB BHC SNR Chandra X X 14

17 3 Chandra 3.1 Chandra X Chandra(CXO:Chandra X-ray Observation) NASA SAO(Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (AXAF:Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility) 0.5 X HRMA(High Resolution Mirror Assembly) (HETG,LETG) X CCD (ACIS) (HRC) 3.1: Chandra Chandra HRMA ACIS HRMA 4 4 (Wolter-1 ) X ACIS HRC (HRMA) X photon X CCD ACIS(Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer) X HETG(High Energy Transmission Grating) HETG grating 15

18 ( kev) : E/E (%) θ E range (kev) Chandra ASCA SAX Newton ROSAT Einstein kev(fe-k) 3.1 Chandra 3.2 High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA) X 1 X 1 HRMA X 4 (paraboloid:pn) X 4 (hyperboloid:hn) (Wolter-1 ) X 3.2 X 10keV X X HRMA

19 3.2: HRMA 3.2: HRMA Optics Wolter Type-I Iridium (1,3,4,6) 1.23,0.99,0.87,0.65 m (Pn or Hn) 84 cm HMRA 1484 kg m (Hn:1,3,4,6) 3.42,2.75,2.42,1.80 deg PSF FWHM 0.5 arcsec kev 800 cm kev 400 cm kev 100 cm 2 17

20 3.3 X CCD ACIS-S -100 CCD(charged coupled device) X ACIS CCD : ACIS-S ACIS-I ACIS( 3.3) 2 2 ACIS-I 1 6 ACIS-S 10 CCD ACIS-I ACIS-S HETG 3.4: ACIS 18

21 CCD( 3.4) (Image Section) (Framestore Section) Image 24 24µm framestore µm CCD image section front-illuminated(fi) back-illuminated(bi) 2 ACIS-I 4 FI CCD ACIS-S 4 FI CCD 2 BI CCD(S1 S3) CCD (gate structure) 3 SiO 2 SiN 4 Si dead layer dead layer FI CCD BI CCD FI CCD 5µm SiO 2 dead layer BI FI FI ( 3.5) Chandra FI CCD FI ACIS-S3(BI) 3.5: FI CCD BI CCD 19

22 3.3: ACIS Illumination Back-side illumination(s3,s1) Front-side illumination(s2,s4,s5,s6) CCD 1024 by 1024 pixels 24µm 24µm : Imaging region 21µm 13.5µm : Frame store region >80 % ( keV) (backside illumination) >30% ( keV) dead layer 5µm 2.8 ms Frame 41 µ sec (full frame) ergs cm 2 s 1 (10 4 s) ( keV) -90 to

23 3.4 ACIS-S X ACIS-S X 1 1CDD 4 node ( ) 2.8ms ACIS-S X 1 photon keV 10, ergs cm 2 s 1 CCD X - X - X - X E - N e X - N e = E ω (ω 3.7eV/e ) ω σ N σ N 2 = F N e = F E ω (F=0.135 : Fano ) Fano ACIS F=0.135 σ τ σ N E ω (FWHM) = 2.35 σ E 2.35 σ 2 τ + FE ω...(1) (1) σ τ - 21

24 σ N (σ τ << σ N ) E E kev E ACIS 6.7keV(Fe) 2% ICM X XSPEC package version PI (RMF) (ARF) RMF K(P;E) ARF A(E) (ACIS) HRMA RMF 1 1 ARF 1 1 PI RMF K(P;E) ARF A(E) S(E) M(P )= K(P, E)A(E)S(E)dE...(2) D(P) PI(pulse-invariant) D 0 (P) B(P) (2) M(P) D(P) χ 2 χ 2 = P (D(P ) M(P )) 2 D(P ) ( ) D(P) D(P)=D 0 (P)-B(P) 22

25 D(P )= ( D(P )) 2 + B(P ) χ 2 23

26 4 4.1 Chandra (ACIS-S chip S3) 20,000 ( 5 ) ( 30Mpc ) X 2000km/s 1000km/s 4.1: D(Mpc) (arcmin) (ks) NGC4038 SB ACIS-S 72 NGC4636 E ACIS-S 52 M101 SAB ACIS-S X 1 1 X 2 X ACIS-S3 X 1arcmin 4.2 r in r out r in X r out S3 ( 4 ) 24

27 NGC (30arcmin ) 2 4.2: r in (arcsec) r in (kpc) r out (arcsec) r out (kpc) NGC NGC M

28 4.1: NGC4636( ) NGC4038( ) M101( ) Chandra ACIS-S3 X 26

29 keV erg/s/cm keV NGC NGC M S/N NGC NGC M S/N 4.2: NGC4636( ) NGC4038( ) M101( ) 27

30 4.3 Color-Color ( keV) ( : keV) 2 X 4.3 kt 0.5 5keV mekal ( ) kt= keV bremss ( ) photon index α =0 6.0 powerlaw nh nh =1 =2 kt=3kev =3 kt=0.5kev kt=8kev 28

31 =1 =2 kt=3kev kt=0.5kev kt=8kev =3 =0 =1 kt=3kev =2 kt=8kev kt=0.5kev 4.3: NGC4636( ) NGC4038( ) M101( ) 29

32 NGC4636 photon index powerlaw powerlaw NGC4038 NGC4636 photon index α = M101 NGC Disk Black Body NGC NGC M101 9 DBB DBB 2 1 BH LMXB DBB 1 X DBB DBB reduced χ DBB 4.3: NGC4038 disk black body nh(10 20 cm 2 ) T in (kev) R in (km) L x(10 40 erg/s) F x(10 14 erg/s/cm 2 ) χ 2 source1 1.68± ± ± source2 2.81± ± ± source3 2.34± ± ± source4 10.9± ± ± source5 7.78± ± ± source6 2.98± ± ± source7 4.78± ± ± source8 1.47± ± ± source ± ± ± source ± ± ± NGC4038 galactic nh cm 2 30

33 4.4: NGC4636 disk black body nh(10 21 cm 2 ) T in (kev) R in (km) L x(10 39 erg/s) F x(10 14 erg/s/cm 2 ) χ 2 source (fix) 1.60± ± source (fix) 0.452± ± source (fix) 1.17± ± source (fix) 1.34± ± source (fix) 1.99± ± source (fix) 0.300± ± NGC4636 DBB nh galactic nh NGC4636 NGC4038 M101 S/N χ 2 nh 4.5: M101 disk black body nh(10 21 cm 2 ) T in (kev) R in (km) L x(10 38 erg/s) F x(10 14 erg/s/cm 2 ) χ 2 source1 1.12± ± ± source2 3.28± ± ± source ± ± ± source4 3.82± ± ± source5 2.14± ± ± source6 1.06± ± ± source (fix) 1.30± ± source ± ± ± source (fix) 1.08± ± M101 galactic nh cm 2 DBB

34 4.4: DBB n

35 4.5: DBB n

36 4.6: DBB M101 34

37 T in -L x DBB X T in L x 4.7 T in L x 4.7: T in L x T in L x L x η T in -L x 2 DBB L x =4πR in2 σt in 4 = ηl E...(1) R s R in = 3R s =3 2GM x = 8.85 ( ) c 2 Mx M 35 = 6GM x c 2...(2) km...(3)

38 M x (1) (3) L x = ( 8.85 ( Mx M )) 2 4πσT in 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 2 = Tin Mx erg/s 1keV M M x L x T 4 in (2.2.5) L E = 4πcGµm pm x σ T (1) R in 2 = ηl E 4πσT in 4 = ηcgµm pm x σσ T T in 4...(4) (4) (2) (1) L x =4π R in = ηc3 µm p 6σσ T T in 4 ( ηc 3 ) 2 ( ) µm 4 p 4 σt 4 in = η 2 Tin erg/s 6σ T σt in 1keV η L x T in NGC4038 NGC4636 M101 Cyg X-1 LMC X-1 IC342 S1 M81 X-6 N1313 SB GS Cyg X-1 LMC X-1 BHC Cyg X-1 D=2.5kpc T in =0.43±0.01keV R in = km L x = erg/s M (Cowley et al. 1992) LMC X-1 D=55kpc Ginga T in 0.8keV R in = km L x = erg/s M= M (Ebisawa et al. 1993) LMC X-1 M=4 10M BH X GS BHC T in = keV L x = erg/s BH M= M (Filippenko et al.1995) 36

39 IC342 S1 Cyg X-1 LMC X-1 GS T in keV η >1 L x > erg/s N1313 SB T in keV L x > erg/s M81 X-6 T in keV L x erg/s (Mizuno et al. 2000) Cyg X-1 LMC X-1 BH 4.7 M x =3M 12M η<1 N1313 SB M81 X-6 IC342 S1 4.7 M x =6M 24M η>1 Kerr BH (Makishima et al. 2000) Kerr BH BH BH R in < 3R s R in 1 T in 4 R in T in (1) M101 NGC4038 NGC4636 M101 Cyg X-1 LMC X-1 BHC LMXB M101 X M101 T in = keV L x = erg/s 4.7 M101 BHC M x < 3M LMXB M101 NGC NGC4038 X BHC BHC NGC4038 X T in = keV L x = erg/s (η >1) 4.7 N1313 SB NGC N1313 SB M 48M Kerr BH NGC4636 LMXB BHC 37

40 LMXB L x erg/s T in = keV 7 4 T in = keV L x erg/s 4.7 η >1.0 M=5.0M 12.0M Kerr BH BHC DBB DBB powerlaw 4.7 BHC Kerr BH LMXB 38

41 ( ) 2000 ( ) 1994 K.Makishima,Y.Maejima,and K.Mitsuda 1986,Ap.J.,308,L635 G.Fabbiano,A.Zezas,and S.S.Murray 2000,Ap.J.,554,L1035 W.D.Pence,S.L.Snowden,and K.Mukai 2001,Ap.J.,561,L189 G.Fabbiano 1989,ARAA,27,L87 Q.Daniel Wang,Stefan Immler,and Wolfgang Pietsch 1999,Ap.J.,523,L121 T.P.Roberts,and R.S.Warwick 2000,MNRA,315,L98 A.Vogler,W.Pietsch,and P.Kahabka 1996,A&A,305,L74 Andreas Zezas,G.Fabbiano,A.Prestwich 2001,ASP 39

1 2013 11 31 1 4 1.1 11................................. 4 2 5 2.1....................................... 5 2.1.1........................................ 5 2.1.2........................................

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