Health Effects due to the Reduction of Benzene Emission in Japan Hideo Kajihara 1, Akihiro Fushimi 2 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niig
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1 Health Effects due to the Reduction of Benzene Emission in Japan Hideo Kajihara 1, Akihiro Fushimi 2 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University 2 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University
2 Back Ground Benzene 発ガン性物質 (Human( Carcinogen) 自動車排出ガス寄与大(Highly Contributed from Vehicle Exhaust Gas) 日本のベンゼンへの取り組み (Countermeasure for benzene) 1996 大気汚染防止法改正 (Revision of Air Pollution Control Law) 1997 環境基準値 (Environmental Quality Standard) 3μg/ m ガソリン中ベンゼン含有率 (Benzene content in gasoline) 5% 1% 全国規模での実測 : 高コスト Monitoring nationwide : consuming and expensive 迅速 低コストな濃度予測法必
3 The number of air monitoring stations Pollutants RAP stations GAP stations Total CO
4
5 Correlation Coefficients among pollutants NOx SPM Ox CO SO 2 NMHC NOx SPM Ox CO SO NMHC 1
6 Station s s data 概観 Overview Population Distribution Census 濃度相関 Correlation Population distribution for benzene level Population Risk 削減の定量 Evaluation for リスクベネフィット Risk Benefit
7 Monitoring Condition Material :CO, NO, NO 2, benzene Site : Yokohama Nationa University Interval : 1 hour Apparatus, Method ベンゼン 自動濃縮装置 (GAS-10, DKK) により濃縮 GC-FID(HP-6890) により検出 NO NO 2 CO Saltzman 法 (GPH-74M, DKK) 非分散赤外線吸収法 (APMA-360, HORIBA)
8 ベンゼン濃度の季節変化 Seasonal 7 Benzene 90 Benzene 濃度 [μg/m3] NOx CO 回帰 regression NOx 濃度 [ppb] CO 濃度 10ppb] ( ~ benz/ 今日の大気汚染 )
9 ベンゼンとNOxとの相関 The Correlation between benzene and NOx R 2 = 0.81 (1997 Dec Nov.)
10 16 回帰式の検証 Verification of regression equation 14 連続測定よる回帰直 Benzene [μg/m 3 ] 新潟 大牟田 倉敷 川崎 General Road Side General 23/27 Roadside 2/ NOx [ppb] 全国データ : 平成 8,9 年度環境庁 ( 月 1 回 ) 平成 9 年度東京都 川崎市 ( 年数回 )
11 6 4 2 ベンゼンと CO との相関 The Correlation between benzene and NOx y = 6.44 x R 2 = 0.91 (1999 May - July)
12 回帰式の検証 Verification of Regression Equation 3 ] 一般環境 GAP 沿道 RAP 回帰式 95% 予測限界 [B] = 6.43 x [CO] - 濃度 沿道の濃度も回帰直線と一致する 95% 予測限界 一般環境 18/20 沿道 4/4 全国データ : 平成 8,9 年度環境庁 ( 月 1 回 ) 平成 9 年度東京都 川崎市 ( 年数回 )
13 沿道人口の見積もり Estimation for Roadside Simulation of pollutants level discharged from automobile on road 沿道濃度 The level on roadside CALINE3 Approximation m 道路からの距離 Distance from Road (m) 一般環境濃度 沿道から 30m 以内に居住する人口 * 東京都人口 = 121 万人 1160 万人 (* 平成元年度環境庁全国沿道騒音実態調査より ) 10 %
14 (a) 都市部 市区町村の分類 Classification of the municipalities 人口の 10%: 沿道 10% of the population:roadside 人口の 90%: 一般環境 90% of the population:general env. 自排局と一般局 幹線道路 後背地 自排局 (AEP) 一般局 (GAP) (b) 郊外部 全人口 : 一般環境 Entire population: general env. 一般局のみ 一般局 (GAP) (c) 農村部 RURAL 全人口 : 一般環境 Entire population: general env. 測定局なし 一般局 (GAP)
15 人口 ( 百万人 ) Population (million) 指標物質としての NOx と CO の比較 Comparison between NOx and CO as a surrogate NOx as a surrogate CO as a surrogate 加重平均 :6.6μg/m 3 加重平均 :6.5μg/m Benzene level (μg/m 3 ) Benzene level (μg/m 3 )
16 関東地方におけるベンゼン濃度予測結果 (1997) 一般環境のみを表示 Benzene 濃度 [μg/m 3 ]
17 ベンゼン濃度に対する人口分布 (1997 年度 ) A histogram of Japanese population exposed to the predicted benzene levels (FY 1997) ( 指標物質 :NOx) 人口の 51% が環境基準濃度以上 (1997 年度 ) 51% of total population : greater than EQS level (FY1997)
18 人口集積リスクの算出 The evaluation of population aggregated Risk Population aggregated Risk( 人口集積リスク ) =Σ {(population population)x( x(level)x( x(unit Risk*)} 年間発ガン数 =(population Risk)/ (Life time) *Unit Risk として (m 3 /μg) 使 *Population weighted average
19 排出量の削減と濃度減少 Reduction of discharge and ambient level
20 モニタリング結果 The result of monitoring Gasoline regulation
21 ベンゼン / トルエン, ベンゼン /NOx 比の変化 The time course of the ratio for benzene/toluene and benzene/nox ベンゼン異常高濃度 ガソリン規制強化
22 ベンゼン /NOx 比の風向別分布 Distribution of the benzene/nox ratio for wind direction 1999 August 1998 北東 ~ 東南東方向と南 ~ 南西方向に一時的ベンゼン発生源 Temporal emission source was suggested on the east and south side
23 The map around the monitoring site (YNU)
24 回帰式の経年変化 Time course of regression lines B = N (FY 1997) B = N (FY 1998) B = N (FY 1999 without Aug. and Sep.) Slope was 13% decreased
25 benzene discharge (ton/year) Comparison of time course of discharge and ambient level benzene level (ug/m 3 ) Gasoline Vehicle Gasoline Motorcycle Diesel Vehicle Petroleum Industry Chemical Industry Others regression equation Ambient level
26 The change of histogram for the benzene level and cancer risk Over EQS population : 54% 21%
27 Under the assumption of 27% reduction ΔB ΔR Cost for risk reduction = Reduced Risk = = 25.6 (billion yen / year) 9.2 (cancer death / year) (billion yen / cancer death) = (million yen / life-year) 1 人の発ガンは 12.6 年の余命短縮 ( 蒲生ら 1996)
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