E930

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1 PS review June 7, 2004 γ-ray Spectroscopy of Λ Hypernuclei E419, E509, E518 Dept. of Physics, Tohoku University H. Tamura Contents 1. Motivation and Hyperball 2. E419 ( 7 ΛLi) and after 3. E518 ( 11 ΛB) 4. E509 (hyperfragments) 5. Future

2 History of Precision γ Spectroscopy of Λ Hypernuclei Construction of Hyperball 98 Apr-May KEK-E419 (K6/SKS) : 7 ΛLi 98 Dec BNL-E930 (D6) : 9 ΛBe 01 Sep-Nov BNL-E930 (D6) : 16 ΛO / 15 ΛN, 10 ΛB, etc. 02 Apr KEK-E509 (K5) : hyperfragments ( 7 ΛLi) 02 Sep-Oct KEK-E518 (K6) : 11 ΛB Future: before J-PARC Future: at J-PARC (KEK, to be proposed) 12 ΛC/ 11 ΛB, 4 ΛHe (BNL E930, E964)

3 Hyperball collaboration at KEK E419, E509, E518 (1998, 2001,2002) Tohoku Univ. H. Tamura, D. Abe, K. Araki, T. Endo, Y. Fujii, O. Hashimoto, M. Kameoka, A. Matsumura, Y. Miura, T. Miyoshi, K. Mizunuma, S.N. Nakamura, H. Nomura, Y. Okayasu, K. Ozawa, T. Saito, J. Sasao, S. Satoh, T. Takahashi, M. Ukai, H. Yamauchi Kyoto Univ. H. Akikawa, Y.Fukao, K. Imai, K. Miwa, T. Murakami, M. Niiyama, S.Ota, H. Takahashi, S.Terashima, M. Togawa KEK K. Aoki, Y. Kakiguchi, T. Maruta, T. Nagae, H. Noumi, H. Outa, Y. Sato, M. Sekimoto, A. Toyoda Osaka EC Univ. T. Fukuda, H. Hotchi, W. Imoto, P.K. Saha CIAE H.H. Xia, S.H. Zhou, L.H. Zhu Seoul Nat l Univ. H.C. Bhang, J.H. Kim RIKEN K. Tanida Osaka Univ. S. Ajimura BNL H. Hotchi Hampton Univ. L.Tang North Carolina U. R.I. Sawafta Sejong Univ. Y.D. Kim GSI T. Saitoh ITEP A. Krutenkova

4 Hyperball (Tohoku/ Kyoto/ KEK, 1998) Large acceptance for small hypernuclear γ yields Ge (r.e. 60%) x 14 Ω ~ 15% ε peak ~ 3% at 1 MeV High-rate electronics for huge background 1 TeV/sec, 100 khz BGO counters for π 0 and Compton suppression Resolution of hypernuclear spectroscopy 1 MeV -> 2 kev FWHM

5 Motivations of hypernuclear γ spectroscopy Baryon-baryon interactions Λ hypernuclear structure c.f. nuclear structure Impurity effects Change of size and shape (shrinkage), E419, E518 Unified understanding of B-B interactions ΛN int. (meson or quark models) NN int. (phenomenologically known) E419 New symmetries, Change of collective motions,... Medium effects probed by hyperons free from Pauli Λ-spin-flip B(M1) g Λ E518

6 γ spectroscopy and ΛN spin-dependent interactions Low-lying levels of Λ hypernucleus 2-body ΛN effective interaction Dalitz and Gal, Ann. Phys. 116 (1978) 167 Millener et al., Phys. Rev. C31 (1985) 499

7 E419: γ-spectroscopy of 7 ΛLi Run in April-May, 1998, at K6, 80 shifts First exp. with Hyperball B(E2) -> shrinking effect Spin-flip M1 -> ΛN spin-spin force Setup for E419 (E518)

8 γ spectrum of 7 ΛLi SKS only (E336) KEK E419 : SKS + Hyperball Excitation Energy Tamura et al., PRL 94(2000) 5963 First observation of well-identified hypernuclear γ rays with Ge.

9 Results on 7 Λ Li Predicted by Motoba et al., Prog.Theor.Phys. 70 (1983) 189. shrinking effect spin-spin interaction = 0.50 MeV R β<r 2 > N- LS interaction S N ~ -0.4 MeV B(E2) <f e r 2 Y 2 i> 2 R 4 or (β<r 2 >) 2 Tanida et al., PRL 86(2001) 1982

10 Publicity of E419 and Hyperball Butsuri, June 2001 Asahi, 8 July 2000 PRL 84(2000) 5963 PRL 86(2001) 1982 PLB 579 (2004) 258 and more to come.. News of the week Science 291, 9 March 2001

11 3 + Results on ΛN interaction by E419+E930 Hypernuclear Fine Structure E419 7/2 + 5/ E = 2.47S Λ T 3/2 + 5/ kev E930 3/ Li -310 kev E = 0.68S N 3/ kev 1/2 + E = T 7 Λ Li Be 9 Λ Be 1/2 + 1/2-15 O kev E = S Λ T 16 Λ O = 0.4 MeV S Ν = MeV S Λ = MeV T = 0.03 MeV All the spin-dependent force parameters determined.

12 E518: γ-spectroscopy of 11 Λ B Run in Oct at K6, 80 shifts many bound levels 3/2 + M /2 + E2 7/ B 11 Λ B Expected levels 5/2 + Purposes: τ(3/2 + ) 0.5 ps (Millener) Stopping time 1.0 ps by (π +,K + ) -> B(M1) : measurable by Doppler shift attenuation method Level energies -> Cross check of ΛN spin-dependent interactions

13 B(M1) and µ Λ in nucleus µ Λ in nucleus -> Possible modification of baryons in nuclear matter Effect of meson-exchange current (small) Direct measurement of µ Λ very difficult but Spin-flip B(M1) -> g Λ

14 11 Λ B Mass Spectrum

15 γ-ray Spectrum of 11 ΛB A B Six 11 ΛB γ-rays observed. Eγ Number Relative (kev) of Events Intensity

16 => ps => > 5.24 ps => ps Lifetime Fit Preliminary stat.error only Fit both spectra (w/o and w/ Doppler correction) with simulated peak shapes for various lifetimes E γ (kev) lifetime (ps) >

17 Assignment of 11 Λ B (1482 kev) line E2 (1/ /2 + 1) because Long lifetime-- too long for M1 ( >5 ps => B(M1) < 10-3 µ N Largest yield -- 1/2 + 1 collects yields from upper levels Gated mass spectrum showing contribution from upper levels also 11 Λ B mass spectrum for 1482 kev γ-ray events γ-rays expected to be observed (Millener)

18 E518 Present Status Six transitions in 11 ΛB were observed. E2 energy (1482 kev) significantly larger than the prediction (1020 kev) from already-determined parameters -> S N inconsistent with the other data ( 7 ΛLi, 12 ΛC, 13 ΛC, 16 ΛO) -> core ( 10 B) w.f. incorrect? - feedback to structure of normal nuclei? PLB to be published. Assignment of all the other observed γ-rays seems difficult -- γγ coincidence necessary with a higher efficiency detector

19 E509: Hypernuclear Spectroscopy of hyperfragments with stopped K - Direct reactions : (π +, K + γ), (K -, π - γ) Hypernuclei can be idenitified well. But, low yields ~one month per target Indirect reaction: (stopped K -, γ) April 2002, 40 shifts, K.Tanida -- in-beam method Large production yield of hyperfragments from stopped K - absorption ( ~10% per stopped K - ) Various hypernuclear species including n/p-rich ones KEK K5 650 MeV/c K - But, more background and difficult 7 Li, 9 Be, 10 B, identification 11 B, 12 C targets --> Test feasibility

20 (stopped K -, γ) spectrum Candidates of hypernuclear γ rays Not normal nuclear γ rays Target dependence Prompt timing (< 5ns) Eγ (kev) target Be, 10 B, 11 B B, 11 B, 12 C 10 B target

21 E509 results (1): 2049 kev line (stopped K -, γ) kev (E419) 7 ΛLi : E2(5/2 + 1/2 + ) observed with a large yield, counts in 3.5 days c.f. E419 7 Li (π +,K + γ) 7 ΛLi counts in 25 days => Abundant γ-ray yield 2050 kev 7 Λ Li (5/2 + ->1/2 + ) Production rate of 7 ΛLi (5/2 + ) : % per stopped K - on 10 B PLB to be published. 7 ΛLi : M1(7/2 + 5/2 + ) not observed (small statistics for γγ coincidence)

22 E509 results (2): 1303 kev line Unknown candidate of hypernuclear γ ray at kev -> 8 ΛLi, 9 ΛLi,..? E509 summary (stopped K -,γ) is found useful, but γγ coincidence necessary combination with direct reactions

23 Before J-PARC Future Plans Construction of Hyperball2 finishing soon. KEK: 12 ΛC / 11 ΛB, 4 ΛHe at K6 (2005), to be proposed. -- ΛN force cross-check by 12 ΛC : solve inconsistency problem of 10 ΛB necessary for J-PARC strategy -- B(M1) of 11 ΛB possible -- 4 ΛHe for Charge Symmetry Breaking BNL: E930-3 (more p-shell), E964 Ξ-atomic X-rays --approved but difficult to get beam time. Preparation for J-PARC (R&D for a faster system) Training of students at Jlab (Hall-C) and DAFNE(FINIDA) J-PARC: γ spectroscopy is a Day-1 experiment. Systematic study of all light (A<30) hypernuclei Medium heavy hypernuclei Mirror and n-rich hypernuclei using (K -,π 0 ) and hyperfragments (CSB, shrinkange of n-halo,..) Systematic measurement of B(M1) for magnetic moment of Λ in a nucleus

24 Hyperball2 under construction, ready by fall, 2004 Clover Ge (r.e. >120%) +BGO x 6 added Photo-peak efficiency ~ 2.5% -> 5% at 1 MeV γγ efficiency -> x 4 VME-based fast readout Test Exp at Tohoku Cyclotron To be used at KEK and BNL in 2005-

25 Summary and Remarks Precision γ spectroscopy of Hypernuclei achieved 10 3 improvement of resolution -> ΛN interaction, shrinking effect, g Λ in nucleus A breakthrough in strangeness nuclear physics Why was it born at KEK-PS so successfully? Well established SKS system and Perfect support by SKS group Frequent beam time ( 95-98) for Hyperball R&D and training students -> Please minimize no-beam period before J-PARC. -> Construction of Standard System =SKS at J-PARC is indispensable.

26 12 Λ C / 11 ΛB and 4 ΛHe with K6/SKS Cross check of ΛN forces B(M1) possible Help E518 data assignment Cross check of ΛN forces [similar structure to 10 Λ B(contradictory to the other data)]

27 4 Λ H* : (e,e K + ) at Jlab/HKS (K -,π 0 γ) at J-PARC 4 Λ He Charge Symmetry Breaking Observed CSB looks spin-independent. ΛN-ΣN coupling gives spin-dependent CSB. stop K - on 6 Li by NaI (1979) Only one data Bad quality Liq. 4 He 10cm (1.25 g/cm 2 ) 0.4x10 12 π + (20 shifts) SKS 0 deg Hyperball+SKS

28 Present status of γ spectroscopy PLB 579 (2004) 258 -> Table of hyper-isotopes

29 7 Λ Li Best-studied Hypernucleus KEK E419 7 Li (π +,K + γ) 7 ΛLi Non-spin-flip in weak decay Λ ->N π 7 Λ Li (1/2 + ) -> 7 Λ Be*(1/2- ) + π - 7 Λ Li (3/2 + ) -> 7 Λ Be*(3/2- ) + π - g.s.spin = 1/2 Sasao et al., PLB 579 (2004) 258

30 Plans of γ spectroscopy at J-PARC (+ Hyperball-J) (1) Complete study of light (A<30) hypernuclei (2) Systematic study of medium and heavy hypernuclei (K -,π - γ) spin-flip/ no-flip productions (3) n-rich/ p-rich/ mirror hypernuclei (K -, γ γ) in-beam method (K -, π 0 γ) mirror hypernuclei ΛN force (ΛN ΣN, p-wave,..) B(E2)-> shrinkage, New symmetries Charge sym. break in ΛN force Shrinkage of n-halo (4) Spin-flip B(M1) (K -,π - γ), (π +,K + γ) Doppler shift atten. (K -,π - γ p) γ-weak coincidence µ Λ in nuclei (ρ-dependence) (5) Double strangenss (Ξ atom X rays and ΛΛ-hypernuclei) (K -,K + γ) ΞN, ΛΛ interactions

rcnp01may-2

rcnp01may-2 E22 RCP Ring-Cyclotron 97 953 K beam K-atom HF X K, +,K + e,e K + -spectroscopy OK U U I= First-order -exchange - coupling I= U LS U LS Meson-exchange model /5/ I= Symmetric LS Anti-symmetric LS ( σ Λ