The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 18 : (2013) 1 2, * A land-cover heterogeneity index for the sta

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 18 : (2013) 1 2, * A land-cover heterogeneity index for the state of biodiversity in the Satoyama landscape: assessment of spatial scale and resolution using participatory monitoring data in Fukui Prefecture Junichi Imai 1, Taku Kadoya 2, * and Izumi Washitani 1 1 Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2 Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies Localized Satoyama Index 3 50 m 500 m 1000 m 4 2 km 5 km 6 km 10 km DIC 50 m 6 km L-SI L-SI L-SI Mann-Whitney, p<0.001 L-SI L-SI 50 m 6 km Satoyama Index Abstract: Satoyama is a rural landscape consisting of a diverse mosaic of agricultural and nonagricultural land that provides suitable habitats not only for habitat specialists but also for multi-habitat dwellers. In the present study, we examined land-cover data at an appropriate combination of spatial scale and resolution, to calculate a land-cover heterogeneity index for the state of biodiversity in the Satoyama landscape. We used spatial distribution data of aquatic organisms typical of the Satoyama landscape in the examinations, which were obtained by participatory monitoring in Fukui prefecture. * Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki, Japan kadoya@nies.go.jp

2 We calculated heterogeneity indices for 12 combinations of spatial unit sizes and land-cover resolutions: four different spatial unit sizes (2 2 km 2, 5 5 km 2, 6 6 km 2, km 2 ) and three different land-cover resolutions (50 m, 500 m, 1000 m), and analyzed the relationships between the indices and distributions of 21 aquatic species using Bayesian hierarchical models. The analysis revealed that the index calculated using a combination of 6 6 km 2 spatial unit size and 50 m resolution was the best for explaining the distribution of these species. Thirteen of the 21 species examined displayed a significant positive response to the index, suggesting that the index is useful for biodiversity assessments of the Satoyama landscape. Keywords: aquatic organisms, Bayesian hierarchical model, indicator of biodiversity state, land-cover, Satoyama Index Washitani 2001 Katoh et al Robinson and Sutherland 2002; 2006 Hendrickx et al Billeter et al Firbank et al Katoh et al 土地利用のモザイク性の指標化 Kadoya and Washitani 2011 Satoyama Index SI SI SI km 30 1 km 6 6 = 36 McNeely and Scherr 2002 Butastur indicus SI Kadoya and Washitani 2011 Kadoya and Washitani Localized Satoyama Index: L-SI

1 http://www. fncc.jp/index2.htm 2011 11 8 L-SI 種の分布データ 2001 6 10 2002 5 10 1 2003 2001 50 2002 40 12.

Bufo japonicus formosus Hyla japonica Rhacophorus schlegelii Rana rugosa Rana nigromaculata Rana japonica Rhacophorus arboreus

3 1 fncc.jp/index2.htm L-SI 種の分布データ km 3 D Cobitis biwae Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Silurus asotus Lefua echigonia Oryzias latipes 8 Bufo japonicus formosus Hyla japonica Rhacophorus schlegelii Rana rugosa Rana nigromaculata Rana japonica Rhacophorus arboreus Rana ornativentris 2 Mauremys japonica Chinemys reevesii 5 Luciola cruciata Luciola lateralis Laccotrephes japonensis Ranatra chinensis Calopteryx atrata 21

4 Kadoya and Washitani Kadoya and Washitani m 500 m 1000 m モザイク性指標の算出 5 km km m 2 km SI 6 km L-SI SDI p i i SI SDI SI 土地被覆データ m 500 m 1000 m m SI 50 m m Kadoya and Washitani 2011 SI L-SI 生物種の分布とモザイク性指標との関係の解析 2 i j 1 k 22

5 p i,j,k k n 2 i j k Y i,j,k 2 p i,j,k a 1i,j a 2i,j i j SI k alti k k r l k l = 1,2,3,4 Dorrough and Scroggie 2008 i j a i,j i N(b i, σ 2 bi ) b i N(c, σ 2 c ) σ bi c σ c b 1i b 2i i c 1 c 2 r l 0 R v The R project for Statistical Computing WinBUGS v The BUGS Project Imperial College and MRChttp://www. mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs/winbugs/contents.shtml R WinBUGS R2WinBUGS R2WBwrapper R2WinBUGS MCMC burn-in thin 5 L-SI deviance information criterion DIC Spiegelhalter et al. 2002DIC Akaike s information criterion AIC Wilberg and Bence 2008 AIC 2.0 AIC 4.0 Anderson and Burnham 2002 DIC Spiegelhalter et al 生物多様性保全上重要な里地里山の内外での L-SI の比較 L-SI L-SI RDB L-SI 30 RDB 23

3 50 m 6 km L-SI 2003 30 http://www.fncc.jp/index2.

6 3 50 m 6 km L-SI L-SI Mann-Whitney L-SI モザイク性指標値の空間パターン 50 m 6 km 3 最適な解像度およびユニットサイズの組み合わせ DIC 2 DIC 50 m 6 km L-SI 50 m 5 km ΔDIC = 11.3 農地等を含まないユニットの数

7 2 DIC DIC DIC DIC ΔDIC 50 m 6 km m 5 km m 5 km m 6 km m 10 km m 5 km m 10 km m 10 km m 2 km m 6 km m 2 km m 2 km m 2 km 5 50 m 5 km 1 50 m 6 km 1 50 m 10 km m 2 km m 5 km m 6 km m 10 km m 2 km m 5 km m 6 km m 10 km m 6 km 50 m 5 km 各生物種群の各モザイク性指標への応答 a 1i,j b 1i c L-SI L-SI 50 m 6 km L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI 50 m 5 km 重要里地里山の内外での L-SI の比較 L-SI U = 31,144, n 1 = 97, n 2 = 444, p = 5.582E-12 25

8 4 50 m 500 m 1000 m 2 km 5 km 6 km 10 km 2 km 5 km 6 km 10 km 2 km 5 km 6 km 10 km

9 4 L-SI 適切な解像度とユニットサイズ L-SI 50 m 6 km Kadoya and Washitani 2011 SI 50 m 6 km L-SI SI 50 m 500 m 1000 m 5 50 m 500 m 1000 m Katoh et al m 500 m 1000 m 500 m 524 L-SI L-SI Kadoya and Washitani 2011 SI 1000 m 50 m 50 m L-SI L-SI 50 m SI 6 km Kadoya and Washitani km 2 km 27

10 5 a: 50 m b: 500 m c: 1000 m km 6 km L-SI L-SI 50 m 6 km 5 km 28

11 DIC 11.3 L-SI km km 生物多様性の状態指標としての有効性 L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI L-SI 29

12 L-SI 50 m 6 km 50 m 50 m 6 km GIS Anderson DR, Burnham KP (2002) Avoiding pitfalls when using information-theoretic methods. Journal of Wildlife Management 66: Billeter R, Liira J, Bailey D, Bugter R, Arens P, Augenstein I, Aviron S, Baudry J, Bukacek R, Burel F, Cerny M, De Blust G, De Cock R, Diekotter T, Dietz H, Dirksen J, Dormann C, Durka W, Frenzel M, Hamersky R, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Koolstra B, Lausch A, Le Coeur D, Maelfait JP, Opdam P, Roubalova M, Schermann A, Schermann N, Schmidt T, Schweiger O, Smulders MJM, Speelmans M, Simova P, Verboom J, van Winerden W, Zobel M, Edwards PJ (2008) Indicators for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A pan-european study. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: Dorrough J, Scroggie MP (2008) Plant responses to agricultural intensification. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: Firbank LG, Petit S, Smart S, Blain A, Fuller RJ (2008) Assessing the impacts of agricultural intensification on biodiversity: A British perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363: ( ) (2003).,. Hendrickx F, Maelfait JP, Van Wingerden W, Schweiger O, Speelmans M, Aviron S, Augenstein I, Billeter R, Bailey D, Bukacek R, Burel F, Diekotter T, Dirksen J, Herzog F, Liira J, Roubalova M, Vandomme V, Bugter R (2007) How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: Kadoya T, Washitani I (2011) The Satoyama Index: A biodiversity indicator for agricultural landscapes. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 140: ( ) (2010) 2010.,. Katoh K, Sakai S, Takahashi T (2009) Factors maintaining species diversity in satoyama, a traditional agricultural landscape of Japan. Biological Conservation 142: (2006). 25: (1989).,. McNeely JA, Scherr SJ (2002) Ecoagriculture: Strategies to Feed the World and Save Wild Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, DC. (1963).,. Robinson RA, Sutherland WJ (2002) Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BR, van der Linde A (2002) Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Statistical Methodology 64: ( ) (1998). 10,,. (1991).,. ( ) (2001).,. Washitani I (2001) Traditional sustainable ecosystem 'SATOYAMA' and biodiversity crisis in Japan: Conservation 30

13 ecological perspective. Global Environmental Research 5: Wilberg MJ, Bence JR (2008) Performance of deviance information criterion model selection in statistical catch-atage analysis. Fisheries Research 93:

shown to include not only higher proportions of wilderness land-use cells than areas outside parks but also significantly more rural land-use cells wi

shown to include not only higher proportions of wilderness land-use cells than areas outside parks but also significantly more rural land-use cells wi (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 18 : 141-156 (2013) 1, * 2 3 1 1 2 3 Overview of land-use patterns in the Japanese Archipelago using biodiversity-conscious land-use classifications and a Satoyama