ELECTRONIC IMAGING IN ASTRONOMY Detectors and Instrumentation 4 The discovery power of modern astronomoical instruments 5 Instrumentation and dete
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1 ELECTRONIC IMAGING IN ASTRONOMY Detectors and Instrumentation 4 The discovery power of modern astronomoical instruments 5 Instrumentation and detectors /4/19
2 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 2 / 27
3 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 3 / 27
4 4.3.1 Polarization: ( ) : : : Fig 1: http: //laser-navi.com/laser_technology/technical_qa/kakouqa-q1-8/ ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 4 / 27
5 (Zeeman ) ( ) ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 5 / 27
6 4.3.1 polarization modulator retardation plate (ordiniary) (extra-ordinary) (n o, n e ): calcite( ) n e < n o extraordinary n = n o n e γ = 2π nl/λ (L: ) ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 6 / 27
7 4.3.1 Fig 2: jp/products/retardation01.html L = λ/4 γ = (π/2) n ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 7 / 27
8 4.3.1 Fig 3: jp/products/retardation01.html L = λ/2 γ = π n 90 ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 8 / 27
9 4.3.1 achromatic wave plate CCD intensity modulator (polarization position) wave plate CCD drift ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 9 / 27
10 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 10 / 27
11 4.3.2 ISP ( ) CCD charge-coupling Imaging SpectroPolarimater (ISP) ISP spectrometer 1. polarimeter (imaging or spectro) polarization modulator spectropolarometry mode (O E) CCD ( sky ) CCD modulator or ( modulator )(Fig 4.19) ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 11 / 27
12 4.3.2 ISP ISP Crab Nebula (M1) AGN AGN Fig 4: jp/~yonetoku/gap/asj-press/ ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 12 / 27
13 4.3.2 / nod and shaffle method sky background sky (nodding) nodding CCD (shuffling) sky CMB CMB surface of last scattering Thomson WMAP 10% photon Bib Bang 4 (Planck 5.5 ) ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 13 / 27
14 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 14 / 27
15 5.1.1 Photometers photometer: photomultiplier tube(pmt) UBV system (Jonson & Morgan) U(360nm)B(440nm)V(550nm) CsSb Fig 5: Mclean ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 15 / 27
16 5.1.1 Photoelectric photometers photoelectric photometerphotometer (Fig 5.1) aperture (diaphragm) sky PMT Fabry lens (collecting aperture) ( ) thin lens equation: 1/f = 1/s + 1/s (f : focal length, s : object distance, s : image distance) s f tel ( f lens ) s f lens ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 16 / 27
17 5.1.1 Photoelectric photometers pupil diaphragm drift aperture aperture Fig 6: Mclean ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 17 / 27
18 5.1.1 PMT PMT anode (pulse height) height anode pulse amplifier anode ( discriminator ) digital electronics PMT cathode -1,600V anode -20 C -78 C PMT cataclysimic variable pulsar occulted star ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 18 / 27
19 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 19 / 27
20 5.1.2 Camera systems ( ) ( ) Fig 5.2( ) (arcsec/mm) ; m = f cam /f coll stop ( cold stop) pupil image software aperture & sky ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 20 / 27
21 5.1.2 Camera systems Fig 7: lectures/instruments/l15/index.html#reimagers ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 21 / 27
22 Contents 4.3 Polarization; transverse waves Introduction Polarization maps and spectra 5.1 Photometer and cameras Photoelectric photometers Camera systems Pixel sampling and matching to the plate scale ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 22 / 27
23 5.1.3 or or : 1 : critically sampled: 2 ( ) oversampled: 5 : ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 23 / 27
24 5.1.3 Plate scale/pixel scale plate scale: (ps) tel = 206, 265 f tel [ /mm] f tel (= D tel F ): : 1 direct imaging : θ = (ps) tel d pix [ ] d pix : (mm); 9µm 30µm ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 24 / 27
25 5.1.3 Plate scale pixel scale / plate scale pixel scale (d pix = 20µm) CFHT(3.6 m): prime; /mm /pixel Cassegrain;7.33 /mm 0.15 /pixel UKIRT(3.8 m)(cassegrain): 1.52 /mm 0.03 /pixel UCLA(f/16, 24-inch): 21.1 /mm 0.42 /pixel (seeing) seeing (arcsec) sampling (p = 2 5 pixel) 1pixel (arcsec) : θ pix = θ see /p plate scale : (ps) det = θ pix /d pix : m = (ps) tel /(ps) det (m = f cam /f coll ) ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 25 / 27
26 5.1.3 focal reducer pixel size m Effective Focal Length (EF L = mf tel ). m > 1 magnifier m < 0 focal reducer focal reducer pixel size (arcsec) f-number d pix θ pix = 206, 265 D tel (f/number) cam example d pix = 27 µm, D tel = 10m seeing pixel sampling F cam = 2.2 ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 26 / 27
27 5.1.3 θ = 1.22 λ D tel example λ = 0.5 µm, D tel = 0.5 m θ = 0.25 seeing λ/r 0 = 0.5 µm/20 cm = 0.5 (r 0 Fried parameter) ( f tel ) physical size r diff = 1.22λ(f/number) tel ( 4 ) Mclean 2017/4/19 27 / 27
ELECTRONIC IMAGING IN ASTRONOMY Detectors and Instrumentation 5 Instrumentation and detectors
ELECTRONIC IMAGING IN ASTRONOMY Detectors and Instrumentation 5 Instrumentation and detectors 4 2017/5/10 Contents 5.4 Interferometers 5.4.1 The Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) 5.4.2 The Fabry-Perot
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