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3 1,,. (steady state cosmology) 1948 Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi.,. * 1 (big bang cosmology) Georges-Henri Lemaitre, George Gamow.,,. * 2,., (cosmic microwave background radiation). CMB..,,,.,..... (Big Bang), 1949 BBC The Nature of Things this big bang idea., ,,,,.,.,,.,, *1,.,,.,. *2,.,.,.,,. 3
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5 2.1.2 Maxwell,.,.,.,.,. Albert Einstein,, *4.,, *5.,,.,,. (photon).,. 2.2 CMB Planck,.,. Max Planck, Planck *6., Planck,.,,, Planck. du dλ = 16π2 c 1 λ 5 e 2π c/kt λ 1 du dω = ω 3 π 2 c 3 e ω/kt 1,., λ. (2.1) (2.2) *4 Einstein,,., 20. *5, 600[nm] 60W, , 60[W(J/s)] Planck h [J/s],. *6, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck.. Planck h [J/s], ν, hν.. h, h/2π Dirac., Planck 2π 1,. 5
6 ,,., 7.35[cm].,., (M31),,., (cosmic microwave background radiation). CMB, Fig1 Planck Plank,.,, 3[K] ,., Einstein,,.,.,,.,,,,.,.,,.,,.,,., [K].,,,. 1[K] [ / ], 3[K] 55 [ / ].,
7 , , 1 10.,.,,. 2.3,,.,.,,.,, *7. E = m 0 c 2 + (Kinetic term) (2.3),.,,.,.,. 2.4,,. atom = a-tom = -,,, elemental particle (quark)., (baryon)., (flavor) *8., u, d, c, s, t, b.. e, Q +(2/3)e (1/3)e,., family, generation, Table 1 *9.. *7 E = mc 2,., E 2 = m 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2. p.. *8,, *9,. 7
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12 B v(= dx/dt).,.,, Newton,,.,, * 12. *13 4.2, a(t),. t = 0, t = T., c/a(t) * 14,. T 0 c/a(t)dt t = t, t = T + T., T + T t c/a(t)dt., T, t t a(0) = T a(t ). t, T. 4.3, A, A., A., A 3. (2.1),, λ A 1/A, (4.3) du (A 3 V ) A = A 3 V A 16π2 c (λ /A) 5 d(λ /A) e 2π c/kt (λ /A) 1 *12, (renormalization). ω. *13. *14,.,. 12
13 ... du = 16π2 c dλ λ 5 e 2π c/k(t/a)λ 1, (4.4) T 1/A. CMB, 2.73[K], 3000[K], A 3000/ , (4.4) 13
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