1600 原著 PET Code No. 333 大澤敦三輪建太我妻慧滝口智洋田村慎太郎秋本健太緒言 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography: PET PET 1 N

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1 1600 原著 PET Code No. 333 大澤敦三輪建太我妻慧滝口智洋田村慎太郎秋本健太緒言 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography: PET PET 1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 2001 NU-2 Standard 2 NEMA PET Relationship between Image Quality and Cross-sectional Area of Phantom in Three-dimensional Positron Emission Tomography Scan Atsushi Osawa, Kenta Miwa, Kei Wagatsuma, Tomohiro Takiguchi, Shintaro Tamura, and Kenta Akimoto Department of Radiology Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Received August 9, 2011; Revision accepted June 9, 2012 Code No. 333 Summary The image quality in 18 FDG PET/CT often degrades as the body size increases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between image quality and the body size using original phantoms of variable cross-sectional areas in PET/CT. We produced five water phantoms with different cross-sectional areas. The long axis of phantom was 925 mm, and the cross-sectional area was from 324 to 1189 cm 2. These phantoms with the sphere (diameter 10 mm) were filled with 18 F-FDG solution. The radioactivity concentration of background in the phantom was 1.37, 2.73, 4.09 and 5.46 kbq/ml. The scanning duration was 30 min in list mode acquisition for each measurement. Background variability (N 10 mm ), noise equivalent count rates (NECR phantom ), hot sphere contrast (Q H,10 mm ) as physical evaluation and visual score of sphere detection were measured, respectively. The relationship between image quality and the various cross-sectional areas was also analyzed under the above-mentioned conditions. As cross-sectional area increased, NECR phantom progressively decreased. Furthermore, as cross-sectional area increased, N 10 mm increased and Q H,10 mm decreased. Image quality became degraded as body weight increased because noise and contrast contributed to image quality. The visual score of sphere detection deteriorated in high background radioactivity concentration because a false positive detection in cross-sectional area of the phantom increased. However, additional increases in scanning periods could improve the visual score. We assessed tendencies in the relationship between image quality and body size in PET/CT. Our results showed that time adjustment was more effective than dose adjustment for stable image quality of heavier patients in terms of the large cross-sectional area. Key words: three-dimensional positron emission tomography (3D-PET), 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG), cross-sectional area, image quality, overweight patient *Proceeding author

1601 Table Main PET technical characteristics of Aquiduo scanner Characteristic Description Detector material Lu 2SiO 5(Ce) (LSO) Clystal size (mm 3 ) 4.0 4.0 20 Detector ring diameter (mm) 830 No.

2 1601 Table Main PET technical characteristics of Aquiduo scanner Characteristic Description Detector material Lu 2SiO 5(Ce) (LSO) Clystal size (mm 3 ) Detector ring diameter (mm) 830 No. of image planes/bed 81 Transaxial field of view (mm) 585 Axial field of view (mm) 162 Axial sampling interval (mm) 2.0 Coincidence window (nsec) 4.5 Energy window (kev) Maximum ring difference 27 Random correction method delayed Scatter correction method single scatter simulation Fig. 1 Illustration of the water phantom. This phantom connected five polyethylene tanks. The size of the water phantom can be adjusted at amount of water. NEMA 5 1. 方法 1-1 PET/computed tomography CT Aquiduo Lu 2SiO 5 Ce LSO three-dimensional 3D PET Table Fig mm 5 18 F-FDG 30 L 50 L 70 L 90 L 110 L mm 5 10 mm 18 F-FDG NEMA 57 mm Vol. 68 No. 12 Dec 2012

3 cm cm cm cm cm kbq/ml 2.73 kbq/ml 4.09 kbq/ml 5.46 kbq/ml kbq/ml fourier rebinning FORE ordered subsets expectation maximization OSEM 30 matrix size iteration 4 subset 14 Gaussian filter full width half maximum FWHM 8 mm 1-3 NECR phantom N 10 mm 10 mm Q H,10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm NECR phantom NECR phantom kcps NECR phantom = ( 1 SF) f = a ( T + S) ( T + S) + ( 1 + k) fr 1 S π r 2 T+S + R SF k 1 f Sa CT r Table 1/ N 10 mm ±10 mm ±20 mm 5 10 mm region of interest ROI ROI N 10 mm N 10 mm SD10 mm = C B,10 mm K SD10 mm = ( C k C K k B,10 mm B,10 mm ) 2 /( ) = 1, 1 4 C B,10 mm 10 mm ROI n=12 SD 10 mm K ROI Q H,10 mm 10 mm ROI Q H,10 mm Q H,10 mm C = / C H,10 mm B,10 mm a / a 1 H B C H,10 mm 10 mm ROI a H/a B 4/ Q H,10 mm N 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm color lookup table invert gray scale window level standardized uptake value SUV =4 SUV=0 2. 結果 + Fig. 2 a Fig. 2 b NECR phantom NECR phantom Fig. 2 c

4 1603 Fig. 2 (a) True + scatter count rate cross-sectional area of the water phantom property (b) Random count rate cross-sectional area of the water phantom property (c) NECR phantom cross-sectional area of the water phantom property 2.73 kbq/ml N 10 mm Fig. 3 a N 10 mm N 10 mm 1800 N 10 mm 1800 N 10 mm Fig. 3 b N 10 mm 1.37 kbq/ml N 10 mm 2.73 kbq/ml Q H,10 mm Fig. 3 c Q H,10 mm Q H,10 mm 1800 Q H,10 mm Fig. 3 d Q H,10 mm Q H,10 mm 2.73 kbq/ml Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Fig. 3 e Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm 1800 Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Fig. 3 f Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm 2.73 kbq/ml Fig. 4 a 1800 Fig. 4 b 757 cm kbq/ml Vol. 68 No. 12 Dec 2012

5 1604 Fig. 3 (a) N 10 mm duration time property (b) N 10 mm cross-sectional area of the water phantom property (c) Q H,10 mm duration time property (d) Q H,10 mm cross-sectional area of the water phantom property (e) Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm duration time property (f) Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm cross-sectional area of the water phantom property

6 1605 Fig. 4 (a) Visual score duration time property (b) Visual score cross-sectional area of the water phantom property a b 3. 考察 PET 7 18 F-FDG PET/CT Fig. 2 a Fig. 2 b + NECR phantom Fig. 2 c 1.37 kbq/ml 5.46 kbq/ml 324 cm 2 NECR phantom cm NECR phantom NECR phantom N 10 mm Fig. 3 a N 10 mm 1800 N 10 mm 1800 N 10 mm Fig. 2 b 1.37 kbq/ml N 10 mm Q H,10 mm Fig. 3 c N 10 mm 5 C H,10 mm C H,10 mm 10 mm ROI ROI ROI C B,10 mm ROI C H,10 mm Q H,10 mm Q H,10 mm C B,10 mm Q H,10 mm Fig. 3 d Fig. 2 b N 10 mm Q H,10 mm PET/CT Vol. 68 No. 12 Dec 2012

7 PET/CT Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Fig. 3 e N 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm N 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Fig. 3 f Q H,10 mm N 10 mm Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm Fig. 4 a cm cm cm cm cm Fig. 3 e kbq/ml Fig. 4 b N 10 mm Fig. 3 b 757 cm 2 Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm 2.0 LSO PET/CT LSO Masuda PET/CT Nagaki 11 LSO 757 cm cm 2 NEMA Fig. 3 a c N 10 mm Q H,10 mm NEMA 60 kg kg 130 kg 60 kg N 10 mm Q H,10 mm Fig. 4 a PET/CT PET/CT time of flight 結論 PET PET/CT PET PET/CT 謝辞 2 PET/CT European Association of Nuclear Medicine Birmingham UK

8 1607 参考文献 1 Fukukita H, Senda M, Terauchi T, et al. Japanese guideline for the oncology FDG-PET/CT data acquisition protocol: synopsis of Version 1.0. Ann Nucl Med 2010; 24(4): National Electrical Manufacturers Association. NEMA Standards Publication NU : Performance Measurements of Positron Emission Tomographs. Rosslyn, VA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Halpern BS, Dahlbom M, Auerbach MA, et al. Optimizing imaging protocols for overweight and obese patients: a lutetium orthosilicate PET/CT study. J Nucl Med 2005; 46(4): Tatsumi M, Clark PA, Nakamoto Y, et al. Impact of body habitus on quantitative and qualitative image quality in whole-body FDG-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30(1): Everaert H, Vanhove C, Lahoutte T, et al. Optimal dose of 18F-FDG required for whole-body PET using an LSO PET camera. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30(12): FDG- PET Body Mass Index 2004; 60(11): Brambilla M, Secco C, Dominietto M, et al. Performance characteristics obtained for a new 3-dimensional lutetium oxyorthosilicate-based whole-body PET/CT scanner with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NU standard. J Nucl Med 2005; 46(12): PET ; 33(4): PET 2008; 64(4): Masuda Y, Kondo C, Matsuo Y, et al. Comparison of imaging protocols for 18F-FDG PET/CT in overweight patients: optimizing scan duration versus administered dose. J Nucl Med 2009; 50(6): Nagaki A, Onoguchi M, Matsutomo N. Patient weightbased acquisition protocols to optimize (18)F-FDG PET/CT image quality. J Nucl Med Technol 2011; 39(2): FDG-PET/CT 2009; 29(2): Surti S, Scheuermann J, El Fakhri G, et al. Impact of timeof-flight PET on whole-body oncologic studies: a human observer lesion detection and localization study. J Nucl Med 2011; 52(5): 図表の説明 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 a + b c NECR phantom a N 10 mm b N 10 mm c Q H,10 mm d Q H,10 mm e Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm f Q H,10 mm/n 10 mm a b Table Aquiduo 16 PET Vol. 68 No. 12 Dec 2012

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核撮像法ガイド FDG-PET/CT (Ver.1.0) 1) 2) 3) 4) 3) 5) 2) 6) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 18 F-FDG PET PET 29 (2): 195 235, 2009 PET PET/CT FDG-PET PET PET FDG-PET FDG-PET FDG PET 3.7 7.4 MBq/kg FDG 1 4 : 1 10 mm 2 4 : 1 (RC) 4

1600 原著 PET Code No. 333 大澤敦三輪建太我妻慧滝口智洋田村慎太郎秋本健太 緒言 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography: PET PET 1 N

1600 原著 PET Code No. 333 大澤敦三輪建太我妻慧滝口智洋田村慎太郎秋本健太緒言 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose 18 F-FDG positron emission tomography: PET PET 1 N