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1 NAIST-IS-MT ALM

2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

3 ALM P2P P2P ALM,,,,, NAIST-IS- MT , i

4 Proposal of How to Build Autonomy Type ALM for Simultaneous Viewing Multi Videos Takahiro Nakagawa Abstract In recent years, an opportunity and the time when people view to image contents are increasing with spread and improvement in high-speed Internet. Research which is going to view to two or more images simultaneously is done. Although viewing to one image was assumed, but viewing to two or more images simultaneously was not assumed. Therefore, if it is going to view two or more images simultaneously, gap will arise to the reproduction timing of each image. Moreover, when it is going to view to two or more images by high definition as much as possible, the bandwidth of a server will be tight, if all images tend to be summarized to one server and it is going to transmit. So, in this research, the P2P streaming system which gave the synchronous information based on a time stamp to the streaming packet from the server of two or more points, and the mechanism which synchronizes and reproduces each image is proposed by arranging by each reproduction client side. Thereby, when reproducing simultaneously combining the image from two or more points, it becomes possible to suppress gap of the arising reproduction timing. Keywords: ALM, streaming, synchronization between videos, tree construction, delay Master s Thesis, Department of Information Systems, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST-IS-MT , March 2, ii

Although viewing to one image was assumed, but viewing to two or more images simultaneously was not assumed.

5 ALM ALM ALM iii

2................................. 21 4.3................................... 22 4.3.1.................... 24 4.3.2.................... 24 4.3.3......................... 25 4.

6 iv

2........................ 45 5.2.1........................ 45 5.2.2.................... 48 5.2.3... 51 5.2.4.......... 54 5.3.............................. 55 6 57 6.

7 ALM ALM v

10......................... 33 4.11......................... 34 4.12.............................. 36 4.13........................... 38 4.14.................... 39 5.

8 vi

10............... 51 5.11........... 52 5.12............. 53 5.13.

9 vii

2.... 47 5.3.... 47 5.4............................ 48 vii

10 1 Cisco [1] PB 48% 1.1 (PB/ ) CAGR ,968 6,017 7,277 8,867 11,040 13,797 23% 4,672 8,079 12,146 17,583 24,357 33,620 48% Web E 2,393 3,113 4,146 5,325 6,769 8,592 29% ,251 1,736 41% % Voice over IP VoIP % 1

11 1.1 (CGM (Wiki )) 1.1 [2] [3] ALM(Application Layer Multicast) 2

12 P2P ALM ALM ALM ALM ALM ALM ( ) 3

13 ALM

14 Web CPU 5

15 Contents Delivery Network(CDN) CDN CPU DNS CDN akamai IP IP L2 CPU IP ISP IP ISP ISP Application Layer Multicast(ALM) ALM P2P CPU 6

16 2.2. ( ) [4] MU(MediaUnit) MU ( ) 7

17 2.3. BB [6] ALM 8

18 3 3.1 ALM ALM ALM ALM ALM OLM(Over Lay Multicast) P2P P2P ALM ALM ALM ALLM 9

19 ALM ALM ALM 3.2 ShareCast[7] 10

20 3.2 ALMI[8] session controler 11

21 [9] ALM PeerCast[10] PeerCast 12

22 PeerCast ALM [11] PeerCast 30ms [12] [13] [14] ( ) DOS 13

23 [15] [16] ( ) Narada[17] IP DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol [19] 14

24 Scribe[20] Pastry ALM Pastry [22] DONet: Data-driven Overlay Network ALM ALM mcache 15

25 mcache mcache OceanGrid[23] 16

26 3.2. [24] ALM [5] 80ms [-500ms, +750ms] 3.3. ALM ALM ALM ALM ALM 17

27 [30] ALM NTP 3.4. ALM ALM ALM 18

28 4 ALM 4.1 A A B

29 4.1. BB [6] ALM ALM(BB ) BB

30 LAN 100Mbps 384kbps 800kbps [5] 80ms 80ms 1 21

31 360kbps 1Mbps 100Mbps 4.3. ALM 22

32 N N 0 N T T DoS ALM 23

33 ALM ( ) ( ) ( ) StreamID IP PictID 4.3 ID IP (IP )

34 NTP NTP IP 25

35 IP IP NTP NTP 26

36 NTP

37 4.3.4 [5] (RTT) ( )

38 Source to End Delay

39 4.3.5 P2P N A B ( T) 100 N R ( 0 ) IP R T 100 R

40 4.8 R T 100 T 4.9 N T 100 N N A:( 120ms - 110ms ) 2 = 20ms 20ms B:( 120ms - 150ms ) 2 =-60ms 60ms 31

41 C:( 120ms - 110ms ) 2 = 20ms 20ms D:( 120ms - 160ms ) 2 =-80ms 80ms TCP A( ) ( ) 32

4.11 1 public r e f class node 2 { 3 public : 4 S t r i n g ˆ streamid ; // ID 4.

43 public r e f class node 2 { 3 public : 4 S t r i n g ˆ streamid ; // ID S t r i n g ˆ ipadress ; // I P 6 S t r i n g ˆ port ; // 7 S t r i n g ˆ p i c t I d ; // ID 8 S t r i n g ˆchildNum ; // 9 S t r i n g ˆ delay ; // 10 S t r i n g ˆ d e s c r i p t i o n ; // } ; i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( r e g i s t ) ) { // 2 34

44 3 } else i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( get ) ) { // 4 5 } else i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( d e l e t e ) ) { // 6 7 } else i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( update ) ) { // 8 9 } 35

45 ALM i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( c h i l d r e n ) ) { // 2 3 } else i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( connect ) ) { 4 // 36

46 5 6 i f ( Int32 : : Parse ( TextArr1 [4])>=cnum){ 7 // 8 9 } else {// } 12 } else i f ( TextArr1 [0] > Equals ( broad ) ) { 13 // } children connect broad 2 1 public r e f class StateObject 2 { 3 Socket ˆ worksocket ; // S t r i n g ˆ i p p o r t ; // I P 5 int c l i e n t p o r t ; // 6 7 int streamid, timeidx ; // ID 8 int children num ; // 9 int mydelay ; // array<byte> ˆ send ; // 12 array<int> ˆ t r a n s t i m e ; // Queue ˆ s e n d b u f f e r q u e u e ; // StateObject ( void ){ // 17 ( ) 18 } void send round ( void ){ 21 // 22 ( ) 37

47 23 } } send round

1 // 2 for ( int i =0; i <4; i ++){ 3 //50 4.

48 1 // 2 for ( int i =0; i <4; i ++){ 3 // while ( b u f f e r q u e u e [ i ] >Count >50){ b u f f e r q u e u e [ i ] >Dequeue ( ) ; } 5 // 6 while ( b u f f e r q u e u e [ i ] >Count >10 + d e l a y f r a m e [ i ] ) { 7 // 8 FrameSet ˆ f s e t = s a f e c a s t<frameset ˆ>( b u f f e r q u e u e [ i ] >Dequeue ( ) ) ; 9 // 10 BeginInvoke ( gcnew p i c t D e l e g a t e ( this, &Form1 : : p i c t ), f s e t, i ) ; 11 } 12 }

49 [31] PC ALM (+ 10 ) Send 40

50 WIDE PC PC eo 100M ping RTT 9ms

51 ms ALM 10 PC 42

52 5.3 2 ALM RTT 9ms RTT ms 100ms 300ms ALM ms 43

53 RTT yahoo.com NAIST google.com NAIST yahoo.co.jp NAIST yahoo.com eonet google.com eonet yahoo.co.jp eonet NAIST WIDE eonet 128ms 60ms 10ms 47ms 60ms 13ms 277ms 9ms 44

54 ms ALM 200ms 2 ALM

55 ms GEM[32] 2 NTP 3 46

56 NTP 2 NTP NTP 15 NTP CPU Core 2 Duo 1.20GHz 3GB RAM NIC Marvell Yukon 88E8055 Gigabit Ethernet OS Windows XP Professional SP2 5.3 CPU Celeron M 1.40GHz 1.3GB RAM NIC Broadcom 10/100 Ethernet OS Windows XP Professional SP

57 Motion JPEG 10fps JPEG (20 ) 1 4KB 4KB 10fps 8bit=320kbps T T T 2 48

58 5.8 T 5.9 T T ms T ms T T ms

59 ms 4000ms 4000ms NTP 50

60 T

61 fps 320kbps 30fps 1Mbps 5Mbps 10Mbps 10Mbps 14000ms 52

62 fps 1 17ms 53

63 ms ms 200ms ms

64 ms

65 2 4000ms fps 50ms 80ms PC PC 4 56

66 RTT ALM 6.2. ALM 57

67 58

68 4 59

69 [1] Cisco Visual Networking Index paper c html [2] [3] LIVE [4].. Vol. 84, No. 3, pp , 2001 [5] R. Steinmetz. Human perception of jitter and media synchonaization. IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp , [6]. P2P. R&D [7],. P2P ShareCast.. NS, Vol. 108 No. 392, pp , [8] D. Pendarakis, S. Shi, D. Verma, and M. Waldvogel. ALMI: An Application Level Multicast Infrastructure. Proceedings of the 3rd Usenix Symposium on Internet Technologies & Systems, March,

70 [9],.., Vol. 2004, No. 7, pp , [10] H. Deshpande, M. Bawa, Garcia H. Molina. Streaming Live Media over Peers. Technical Report. Stanford InfoLab, [11],,,. PeerCast PeerStream.. NS,, Vol. 105, No. 562, pp. 5-8, [12],. PeerCast.. NS,, Vol. 108, No. 258, pp. 7-12, [13],,. ALM.. NS,, Vol. 105, No. 627, pp , [14], , Vol. 2, pp. 260, [15],,,. M.. NS, Vol. 106, No. 492, pp , [16],. ALM.. NS, Vol. 109, No. 326, pp , [17] Y. Chu, S. Rao, H. Zhang. A Case for End System Multicast. Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS, Santa Clara, CA, Jun

71 [18],,,,... Vol. 2006, No. 96, pp , [19],,,,,... IN, Vol. 105, No. 279, pp , [20] M. Castro, P. Druschel, A.M. Kermarrec, and A. Rowstron. Scribe : A large-scale and decentralized application-level multicast infrastructure. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp , [21],. P2P.., Vol.2009, No.3, pp.1-7, [22] X. Zhang, J. Liu, B. Li, and T.-S. P. Yum. Coolstreaming/DONet : A Data-Driven Overlay Network for Peer-to-Peer Live Media Streaming. IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Vol. 3, pp , [23] Ocean Grid [24],,... IN, Vol. 107, No. 222, pp , [25],,,,,. 62

72 .. Vol. 46, No. 2, pp , [26] [27],,... IN,. Vol. 107, No.222, pp , [28],,,... NS,, Vol. 105 No.127, pp , [29],,,,,..., Vol. 2002, No. 32, pp , [30]. ALM [31] HP [32] Anue Network Emulators 63

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Master's Thesis / 修士論文映像配信の中断から復旧までの時間を短縮するネットワーク再構築手法の改良隅田, 貴久三重大学, 2011. 三重大学大学院地域イノベーション学研究科博士前期課程地域イノベーション学専攻 http://hdl.handle.net/10076/12400