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1 森林保全の経済学 はじめに 1 森林の機能 * FAO(1995) 7.41tC/ 16.54tC/ 94tC/ * * 森林減少の動向と現状 16Matthews, 1983 in, % 64.0% 58.7% 3.2% (FRA 2000) * Heal, , 6 1
2 ( ( FAO (1990, 2000, 2005) Global Forest Resource Assessment FRA Global Forest Resource Assessment 2000/2005/ million ha/year million ha/year million ha/year (8.9 FRA2005, 8.3 FRA2010) million ha/year (FRA2005) million ha/year (FRA2010)
3 3 森林減少 劣化のメカニズム 1ha 国際社会の取り組み 3
4 (1980) 2020 FAO/UNEP(1982)1980 Tropical Forest Resources Assessment; %/ 80 FAO ITTO IPFIFFUNFF TFAP 1985NGOWRI TFAP FAO ITTA ,06 ITTO85 ITTA70%95% ITTO ITTO 4
5 森林原則声明 (Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests) 21 IPFIFF 1995 IPF; Intergovernmental Panel on Forests CSD IPF1997 IPF IPF IFF CSD IFFIntergovernmental Forum on Forest(1) IPF 2 IPF (3) IPF UNFF IFF UNFF 5 UNFF (United Nations Forum on Forests) IPFIFF
6 12, 2003/ ITTO / / NGO Forest Stewardship Council Pan European Forest Certification Scheme Canadian Standards Association s Sustainable Forest Management Standard Sustainable Forestry Initiative AFP 2002 UNFF The Nature Conservancy (NGO) 1998 G8G CDM Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation; REDD 6
7 5. 社会的費用便益分析入門 ( 森林保全の経済学 1) 50 Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park MK Sierra Club Sierra Club 1972 Sierra Club Sierra Club Cicchetti, Fisher, and Smith, 旅行費用法 (Travel Cost Method): 旅行に人々が出かけるのは 訪問に要する旅行費用以上に そのレクリ エーション エリアの価値を見出しているから ということに着目して 環境資産のレクリエーション価値やその変 化を推定する方法 ( 社会的 ) 費用便益分析 WTP WTA CVMetc. Cf. 7
8 6. 経済的インセンティブの重要性 ( 森林保全の経済学 2) 忍び寄る環境問題をいかに解決するか To decentralize the Brazilian population and develop new regions, the Brazilian government completed the Cuiabá-Pôrto Velho highway through the province of Rondônia in The road provided access to tropical rainforest previously occupied only by indigenous people. Two main factors increased immigration to the province. First, the World Bank decided in December 1980 to invest in paving the Cuiabá-Pôrto Velho highway, making travel easier. Second, economic hardship near the southern coast encouraged emigration to the area where immigrants hoped to acquire new land. The 1975 and 1986 images show substantial settlement in the Ariquemes area, near the highway. The predominant fishbone pattern on the landscape is the result of logging operations which provide access to new land. Primary land uses are cattle ranching and annual crop farming. More sustainable perennial crops such as coffee, cacao and rubber occupy less than 10 per cent of the agricultural land. Despite encroachment, programmes are now attempting to preserve the land for multi-use functions providing a wider array of income-producing roducts for farmers that should eventually result in less impact on the tropical rainforest. UNEP (2002) Global Environment Outlook 3, p
9 経済的インセンティブの重要性 経済的インセンティブによる森林再生の例 : インド州有林の管理 ( 地球白書 より ) NGO Seva Mandir 経済的インセンティブを生み出す仕組みの例 CDM Forest Carbon Partnership Facility: FCPF CDM 9
10 Debt for Nature Swap NGO 1984WWF World Wide Fund for Nature 1987Conservation International 2003 The Nature Conservancy [ 参考文献 ] [1] Cicchetti, C.J., A.C.Fisher, and V.K. Smith (1976) An econometric evaluation of a generalized consumer surplus measure: The Mineral King Controversy. Econometrica 44, [2] Council on Environmental Quality and Gerald O. Barney (1982) The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the Twenty-First Century. Pelican (, 1981/82, 2000, ) [3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2005) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progress towards sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper 147. [4] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2001) Forest Resources Assessment FAO Forestry Paper 140. [5] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1995) Forest Resources Assessment 1990 Global Synthesis. FAO Forestry Paper 124. [6] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; J.P. Lanly (1982) Tropical forest resources. FAO Forestry Paper No. 30. [7] Heal, G. (2000) Nature and the Marketplace, Island Press. (, 2005,, ) [8] Mather, A.S. (1990) Global Forest Resources. Pinter.(, 1992,..) [9] Stone, Christopher D. (1972) Should trees have standing? Towards legal rights for natural objects. Southern California Law Review 45, (, 1990,, 18, 58 98) [10] United Nations Environmental Programme (2002) Global Environmental Outlook 3. Earth Scan. [11] (1997).. [12] (1992) [13], (1994)
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