2010 ( 22 ) ARMS (An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication) ARMS ARMS SCTP SCTP i

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1 2010 ( 22 ) An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication takahiro@ht.sfc.keio.ac.jp

2 2010 ( 22 ) ARMS (An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication) ARMS ARMS SCTP SCTP i

3 Abstract of Master s Thesis Academic Year 2010 An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication In this paper, we present a new transport scheme that simultaneously transmits application data over multiple paths between a source and a destination host. Multi-homed hosts are becoming common, hence if communication protocols transmit data to multiple paths, available network bandwidth can be increased. Several such protocols have been proposed, however, they do not get deployed, because they enforce protocol modification with the new standardization. Our proposed An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication (ARMS) is designed as a part of the application, which does not require any change of transport protocols and operating systems, resulting in the maximized chance to benefit for the multi-homed hosts. ARMS allows applications to communicate over a reliable and ordered end-to-end connection along multiple paths, using SCTP. ARMS can effectively utilize multiple distinct paths, because it transmits data along independently congestion controlled paths by SCTP. Our experimental results show that applications which implements ARMS significantly improve the throughput by using spare bandwidth of multiple paths effectively. bandwidth aggregation, multi-homed mobile node, SCTP Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance Takahiro Nozawa ii

4 TCP SCTP ARMS ARMS ARMS ARMS ARMS ARMS socket() iii

5 cwnd ARMS iv

6 ARMS SCTP cwnd cwnd ARMS 20MByte ARMS 200MByte ARMS CMT ARMS v

7 MByte ( ) MByte ( ) ARMS 20MByte ( ) ARMS 200MByte ( ) ARMS CMT (Mbps) vi

8 4.1 sctp socket.c get asoc info.c get peer addrs.c ARMS send data.c vii

9 1 1

1.1 WiFi LAN WiMAX MAN HSPA WAN HSPA 100% LAN WiFi WAN HSPA 2

10 1.1 WiFi LAN WiMAX MAN HSPA WAN HSPA 100% LAN WiFi WAN HSPA Wireless WAN Wireless WAN Wireless LAN

11 9, % PC 9 85 % IP Cisco Systems

12 An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication (ARMS) ARMS ( ) Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) [15] ARMS ARMS 4 ARMS 5 6 ARMS 7 4

13 2 5

14 2.1 end-to-end PSocket [19] Parallel TCP [5] 4 1 SBAM [7] 2 TCP ptcp [8] mtcp [14] AMS [18] [6] [10] 3 SCTP CMT [9] [4], [3] R-MTP [12] PSocket PSocket [19] TCP PSocket SBAM SBAM [7] SBAM packet pair [11] SBAM 6

15 TCP SBAM UDP UDP SBAM TCP ptcp ptcp [8] TCP 1 ptcp ptcp TCP-v ptcp TCP-v open/close, send/receive 8 ptcp send buffer TCP-v virtual send buffer bandwidth-delay product (BDP) ptcp TCP-v close open ptcp ptcp 5 6 ptcp 7

16 ptcp AMS AMS [18] TCP 1 AMS TCP 3 1. AMS Permitted AMS 2. AMS Control 3. AMS Common AMS AMS SYN SYN/ACK RTT % SCTP CMT CMT [9] SCTP CMT 3 (1) (2) cwnd cwnd (3) ack traffic ack 5 8

17 1. RTX-SAME 2. RTX-ASAP cwnd cwnd 3. RTX-CWND cwnd 4. RTX-SSTHRESH ssthresh (slow start threshold) 5. RTX-LOSSRATE CMT SCTP 10 % 5 RTX-CWND, RTX-SSTHRESH, RTX-LOSSRATE R-MTP R-MTP [12] TCP UDP SCTP interarrival time jitter long run jitter 3 interarrival time arrival time long run jitter jitter 0 jitter long run jitter 9

18 2.1 TCP 30 % TCP 250 R-MTP PSocket 2.1 WiFi 3G/4G PSocket CMT CMT FreeBSD TCP SCTP TCP SCTP API 2.1 OS 10

19 OS PSocket SBAM ptcp CMT R-MTP

20 3 ARMS ARMS ARMS 12

21 3.1 ARMS 1 An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication (ARMS) ARMS 3.2 ARMS 1. 1 a 3.1 (b) 1 2. a b 3.1 (a) c 13

22 (a) 3.3 ARMS ARMS ARMS 3.2 ARMS ARMS ARMS 14

23 Acquiring and Measurement path status 3.2 ARMS TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP UDP DCCP TCP SCTP ARMS SCTP SCTP TCP TCP 3-Way Handshake 4-Way Handshake end-to-end SCTP 15

24 SCTP 4-Way Handshake SCTP API [16] TCP 1 1 SCTP 1 SCTP IP TCP IP IP SCTP Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (ADDIP) [17] IP IP ARMS SCTP

25 TCP UDP SCTP DCCP SCTP ARMS SCTP SCTP FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris FreeBSD Windows Mac OSX SCTP SCTP 3.3 (a) SCTP 3.3 (b) ARMS SCTP SCTP 3.3 (b) 17

26 3.3 SCTP ( 3.4) 3.4 Link 1 2Mbps Link 2 8Mbps 1 Link 1 ( ) Link 2 ( ) Link 1 Round Trip Time (RTT) Round Trip Time (RTT) 4 1:4 18

27 3.4 bandwidth-delay product 3:8 4 3:8 4 Link 1 1 Link Mobile Node ms 1 SCTP delayed sack ack 200ms RTT 19

28 ARMS Congestion Window Size (cwnd) [13] srtt cwnd TCP SCTP SCTP cwnd cwnd ACK delay-bandwidth product srtt RTT cwnd srtt cwnd 5 20

29 4 ARMS SCTP API ARMS 21

30 4.1 ARMS ARMS 1. socket() socket() ARMS MN 1 SCTP CN MN socket() SCTP one-to-one socket style one-to-many socket style one-to-one soket style TCP one-to-many socket style UDP SCTP API ARMS one-to-many socket style socket() 2 SOCK SEQPACKET 22

31 4.1 sctp socket.c 1 /* one - to - one socket style */ 2 int oto_ sock = socket ( AF_ INET6, SOCK_ STREAM, IPPROTO_ SCTP ); 3 4 /* one - to - many socket style */ 5 int otm_ sock = socket ( AF_ INET6, SOCK_ SEQPACKET, IPPROTO_ SCTP ); 4.3 ARMS CN MN cwnd cwnd SCTP API , 20 getsockopt() 3 SCTP GET PEER ADDR INFO sctp paddrinfo ARMS sctp paddrinfo ID spinfo assoc id MN cwnd spinfo cwnd 2 cwnd getsockopt() sctp paddrinfo spinfo address MN ARMS 4.2 get assoc info() SCTP ID get assoc info() 3 0 cwnd get assoc info() srtt get assoc info() get asoc info.c 1 static sctp_assoc_t 2 get_assoc_info ( int sock, struct sockaddr * addr, int flag ) 3 { 4 struct sctp_paddrinfo sp; 5 socklen_t siz ; 6 socklen_ t sa_ len ; 23

32 7 8 siz = sizeof ( sp ); 9 memset (&sp, 0, sizeof (sp )); 10 if ( addr - > sa_ family == AF_ INET ) { 11 sa_ len = sizeof ( struct sockaddr_ in ); 12 } else if ( addr - > sa_family == AF_INET6 ) { 13 sa_ len = sizeof ( struct sockaddr_ in6 ); 14 } else { 15 return (( sctp_assoc_t ) 0); 16 } 17 memcpy (( caddr_t ) &sp. spinfo_address, addr, sa_len ); if ( getsockopt ( sock, IPPROTO_ SCTP, 20 SCTP_GET_PEER_ADDR_INFO, & sp, & siz )!= 0) { 21 return (( sctp_assoc_t ) 0); 22 } switch ( flag ){ 25 case 0: // Return association ID 26 return ( sp. spinfo_assoc_id ); 27 break ; 28 case 1: // Return specified path s CWND 29 return ( sp. spinfo_cwnd ); 30 break ; 31 case 2: // Return specified path s srtt 32 return ( sp. spinfo_srtt ); 33 break ; 34 } 35 } 24

33 4.4 SCTP API sctp getpaddrs() sctp getpaddrs() ID sockaddr 3 sctp getpaddrs() sctp freeaddrs() 4.3 get peer addrs.c 1 # define REMOTE_ADDRESS_NUM void 4 get_peer_addr ( int sock, int assoc_id ) 5 { 6 struct sockaddr * addrs, * addrp ; 7 struct sockaddr_in * addrp4 ; 8 struct sockaddr_in6 * addrp6 ; 9 struct peer_ addrs p_ addrs ; 10 int paddr_num ; 11 char uaddr [ REMOTE_ADDRESS_NUM ][ INET6_ADDRSTRLEN ]; /* sctp_getpaddrs function */ 14 paddr_ num = sctp_ getpaddrs ( sock, assoc_ id, & addrs ); addrp = addrs ; if ( addrp - > sa_ family == AF_ INET ) { 19 addrp4 = ( struct sockaddr_in *) addrp ; addrp4 ; 21 addrp = ( struct sockaddr *) addrp4 ; 22 } else if ( addrp - > sa_family == AF_INET6 ) { 23 for ( int count = 0; count < paddr_ num ; count ++){ 25

34 24 addrp6 = ( struct sockaddr_in6 *) addrp ; 25 memset ( uaddr, 0, sizeof ( uaddr [ count ])); 26 if (( inet_ntop ( AF_INET6, & addrp6 -> sin6_addr. s6_addr, 27 uaddr [ count ], 28 INET6_ADDRSTRLEN )) == NULL ) { 29 perror (" inet_ntop "); 30 exit (1); 31 } addrp6 ; 33 addrp = ( struct sockaddr *) addrp6 ; 34 } 35 } 36 sctp_freepaddrs ( addrs ); 37 } 4.5 cwnd srtt 4.6 ARMS SCTP API sctp sendmsg() [16] sctp sendmsg() 1 SCTP ARMS sctp sendmsg() 4 26

35 SCTP sctp sendmsg() 7 SCTP ADDR OVER sctp sendmsg() one-to-one socket style one-to-many socket style one-to-one socket style SCTP ADDR OVER ARMS SCTP one-to-many socket style 4.4 ARMS send data.c 1 void 2 ARMS_snd_rcv_data ( int sock, struct sockaddr_in remote ) 3 { 4 int sent_len ; 5 int recv_len ; 6 char buf [ BUFSIZE ]; 7 8 switch ( YOUR_PROGRAM ) { 9 10 case SENDER : 11 /* ************************************************************ 12 * ssize_ t * 13 * sctp_ sendmsg ( int sockfd, const void * msg, size_ t msgsz, * 14 * const struct sockaddr * to, socklen_t tolen,* 15 * uinit32_t ppid, * 16 * uint32_t flag, uint16_t stream, * 17 * uint32_t timetolive, uint32_t context ); * 18 *********************************************************** */ 19 sent_len = sctp_sendmsg ( sock, buf, sizeof ( buf ), 20 ( struct sockaddr *) & remote, 21 ( socklen_t ) sizeof ( remote ), 22 0, SCTP_ADDR_OVER, 0, 0, 0); 23 /* if fail to send */ 24 if ( sent_len < 0) { 27

36 25 perror (" sctp_sendmsg "); 26 exit ( EXIT_FAILURE ); 27 } 28 break ; case RECEIVER : 31 /* ************************************************************* 32 * ssize_ t * 33 * sctp_ recvmsg ( int sockfd, const void * msg, size_ t msgsz, * 34 * struct sockaddr * from, socklen_t * fromlen, * 35 * struct sctp_sndrcvinfo * sri, int * msg_flag );* 36 ************************************************************ */ 37 struct sctp_sndrcvinfo sri ; 38 int len, flag ; 39 recv_len = sctp_recvmsg ( sock, buf, sizeof ( buf ), 40 ( struct sockaddr *) & remote, 41 ( socklen_t *) & len, &sri, & flag ); 42 /* if fail to recreceive */ 43 if ( sent_len < 0) { 44 perror (" sctp_recvmsg "); 45 exit ( EXIT_FAILURE ); 46 } 47 break ; 48 } 49 } 4.7 ARMS?? SCTP one-to-many get assoc info() get peer addr() cwnd rate decision() 28

37 ARMS send data() SCTP ADDR OVER 29

38 5 30

39 Correspondent Node Mobile Node 2 Correspondent Node, Mobile Node PC 1Gbps Network 1, 2, 3 Correspondent Node Mobile Node Mobile Node Correspondent Node Router Dummynet Dummynet Dummynet Mobile Node Correspondent Node,Mobile Node, Dummynet OS FreeBSD Dummynet Correspondent Node Mobile Node 1-8 Mbps RTT ms 1 Mbps RTT 30 ms path(1mbps, 30ms) 2Mbps RTT 60 ms path(2mbps, 60ms)

40 Correspondent Node (CN) FreeBSD 8.1R ISP 1 (1000 Mbps) Dummynet FreeBSD 8.1R Control BW, RTT Router ISP 2 ISP 3 Mobile Node (MN) FreeBSD 8.1R Dummynet 32

41 Network Mbyte 20MByte Correspondent Node Mobile Node Dummynet 1, 2, 4 Mbps RTT 30, 60, 120 ms none path1(1mbps, 30ms), path2(none) Mobile Node Network Mbps path2 2Mbps, 4Mbps path1(1mbps,30ms), path2(4mbps, 30ms) MByte 1.80Mbps path1(4mbps, 30ms) Dummynet Dummynet path1(1mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) path1 1 path2 2 Dummynet

42 path1 none 1Mbps 2Mbps 4Mbps path2 rtt : 30ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 30ms none rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms rtt : 120ms MByte ( ) Mbyte path2 2Mbps, 4Mbps path1(1mbps, 30ms), path2(4mbps, 30ms) Dummynet Mbps, 4Mbps, 5Mbps path1(1mbps, 30ms), path2(4mbps, 30ms) 5Mbps path1(1mbps, 30ms), path2(4mbps, 30ms) 1.80Mbps 4.5Mbps path(5mbps, 30ms), path2(none) 4.5Mbps path1 RTT RTT 34

43 A m ount of D ata (M Byte) M-Single 4M-Single 4M+1M-1to Tim e (s) Proportion 1:1 static cwnd RTT 2 cwnd SCTP cwnd cwnd cwnd socket Byte cwnd cwnd cwnd 4.2 get assoc info() cwnd cwnd socket 35

44 path1 none 1Mbps 2Mbps 4Mbps path2 rtt : 30ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 30ms none rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms rtt : 120ms MByte ( ) 5.1 Dummynet Network 1 Network 2 Network 1 Network 3 1Mbps 2Mbps 30ms 60ms Dummynet MByte Network 2 Network 3 1Mbps 2Mbps Mpbs 2Mbps

45 A m ount of D ata (M Byte) M-Single 4M-Single 5M-Single 4M+1M-D ual Tim e (s) Proportion 4:1 static 5.3 cwnd Correspondent Node cwnd 5.5, (a) cwnd SCTP TCP cwnd 5.5 (b) cwnd 5.5 (a) cwnd cwnd cwnd 37

46 5.4 1RTT cwnd 1MSS(Maximum Segment Size) cwnd cwnd cwnd SCTP SCTP API cwnd 38

47 5.5 cwnd cwnd sack 39

48 RTT 5.7 (b) SCTP Mobile Node 5.7 (b) 5.7 (b) Mobile Node 5.7 (a) (a) 40

49 (b) 5.8 (a) path1(2mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) 3.64Mbps path1(4mbps, 30ms), path2(none) 3.78Mbps 4% 5.8 (b) path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) 7.39Mbps path1(10mbps, 60ms), path2(none) 9.41Mbps 21% path1(8mbps, 60ms) 7.54Mbps 41

50 Amount of Data (MByte) M-Single 4M-Single 2M+2M-D ual Amount of Data (MByte) M-Single 8M-Single 10M-Single 8M+2M-D ual Time (s) (a) ARMS Best Case (20MB) Time (s) (b) ARMS W orst Case (20MB) RTT RTT SCTP cwnd SCTP 1 cwnd RTT SCTP API srtt Dummynet srtt RTT RTT 42

51 6 ARMS CMT 43

52 Network 2, 3 RTT Dummynet 2, 4, 8 Mbps, RTT 30, 60ms MByte 200MByte 2 ARMS 20MByte 20MByte ARMS MByte (path1(2mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms)) (path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms)) 6.1 path1 path2 4 path1 path2 3.2 path1 1 20MByte 1 ARMS 200MByte MByte 50MByte 0, 50, 100, 150MByte 4 Dummynet RTT

53 path1 BW: 2Mbps BW: 4Mbps BW: 8Mbps path2 rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms none BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms ARMS 20MByte ( ) path1(2mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) 6.2 path1(2mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) 20MByte Mbps 3 4Mbps 3 4Mbps 4 3.2, 4.7, 4.1, MByte 4Mbps 45

54 Amount of Data (MByte) M-Single 4M-Single 2M+2M-D ual Amount of Data (MByte) M-Single 8M-Single 10M-Single 8M+2M-D ual Time (s) (a) ARMS Best Case (20MB) Time (s) (b) ARMS W orst Case (20MB) 6.1 ARMS 20MByte A m ount of D ata (M Byte) M-Single 4M-Single 2M+2M-D ual A m ount of D ata (M Byte) M-Single 8M-Single 10M-Single 8M+2M-D ual Tim e (s) (a) ARMS Best Case (200MB) Tim e (s) (b) ARMS Worst Case (200MB) 6.2 ARMS 200MByte 8Mbps 46

55 path1 BW: 2Mbps BW: 4Mbps BW: 8Mbps path2 rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms rtt : 30ms rtt : 60ms none BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms BW rtt : 30ms Mbps rtt : 60ms ARMS 200MByte ( ) 6.2 SCTP CMT 5.1 Dummynet Dummynet 3 8Mbps 2 ARMS, CMT 6.3 Mbps 6.3 ARMS CMT 1Mbps Mobile Node 2 CMT ARMS CMT ARMS path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(4mbps, 60ms) ARMS path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) path1(8mbps, 60ms), path2(4mbps, 30ms) 47

56 A m ount of D ata (byte) M-Single 4M-Single 2M+2M-D ual Tim e (s) ARMS Best Case (200MB) 6.3 ARMS ARMS CMT CMT Dummynet path1(10mbps, 30ms), path2(2mbps, 30ms) ARMS CMT 200MByte 6.4 CMT 10Mbps ARMS 4 10Mbps 48

57 path status (Bandwidth - RTT) ARMS CMT primary status secondary status 8Mbps - 30ms 2Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 60ms 2Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 30ms 2Mbps - 60ms Mbps - 30ms 4Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 60ms 4Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 30ms 4Mbps - 60ms Mbps - 30ms 8Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 60ms 8Mbps - 30ms Mbps - 30ms 8Mbps - 60ms ARMS CMT (Mbps) Dummynet 49

58 A m ount of D ata (M Byte) M-Single 12M-Single A RMS:10M+2M-D ual CMT:10M+2M-D ual Tim e (s) ARMS vs CMT (200MB, 10M+2M) 6.4 CMT ARMS CMT 5 CMT ARMS FreeBSD Linux, Mac OS Windows SCTP Windows ISP Firewall 4 SCTP NTT Docomo, b-mobile, Emobile, UQ WiMAX 50

59 7 51

60 7.1 ARMS ARMS ARMS SCTP API SCTP SCTP ARMS SCTP API sctp sendmsg() ARMS (a) 6.1 (b) CMT CMT SCTP CMT ARMS CMT ARMS CMT 52

61 ARMS 7.2 Mobile Node 2 2 IP 7.3 SCTP An Application-level Multipath Transfer Mechanism for Fast and Reliable Communication (ARMS) ARMS

62 [1] Kagers Walkin Walkin Walkin move! [2]

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3 -- 4 1 TCP T ransmission Control Protocol 2013 12 TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP c 2013 1/(18) 3 -- 4 -- 1 1--1 TCP 2013 12 TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP TCP TCP 1981 RFC 793 Request for Comments