M.Suzuki.UniOsaka.2011

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1 GTT Workshop 14-16/Sep/2011 Estimation of Solid-liquid Interfacial Energies of lloy Systems from Thermodynamic Properties Masanori Suzuki, Toshihiro Tanaka Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. 14/Sep/2011 (T.Tanaka,.Fukuda, M.Suzuki: Int. J. Mat. Res., to be submitted)

2 Number of published reports on interfacial properties Surface tension of pure metals: Surface energy of pure solid metals: Expe. data Estimation Surface tension of liquid alloys: Surface energy of solid alloys: Surface tension of molten slag: Interfacial energy between metal and slag: Solid-liquid interfacial energy of pure metals: Solid-liquid interfacial energy of alloys: (Very limited) 2

3 Evaluation of Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of Pure Metals based on Enthalpy of Fusion (Turnbull et al., 1950) Solid Interface Fusion iquid *D. Turnbull and R.E. Cech : J. ppl. Phys., 21 (1950), 804. *D. Turnbull : J. ppl. Phys., 21 (1950), Interfacial energy, S /m mj m g l u iq Sol Mn Pd Cu Fe Co Ni 1 2 Pt Fusion Sb Ga Sn 50.0 Bi g i Na Pb (t melting point, T m ) Fusion 2 [mj m -2 ] Ge 3

4 im of present study: Evaluation of Solid-liquid Interfacial Energies of lloys based on Thermodynamic Properties Not only the contribution from enthalpy, we consider the contribution from entropy change onto solid-liquid interfacial energy T S Ex. Molecular dynamics calculation of solid-liquid interface: iquid Solid iquid z /atoms Probability (%) Distribution of atoms in liquid phase is restricted around solid-liquid interface iq Sol, T S (M.Suzuki, M.Nakamoto, T.Tanaka: CMP-ISIJ, (2005) ) 4

5 Phase equilibrium between solid and liquid metals: Solid iquid Macroscopic: static G T S Increase of Decrease of S Microscopic: Dynamic Thermal fluctuation of atoms Some atoms in one phase go across interface to the other phase 5

6 Solid G G G f Solid iquid Interfacial layers iquid toms in solid phase around interface may have higher energies than those in bulk f Excess enthalpy and entropy may be generated at interface T S f Number density of atoms Solid Distribution of atoms is restricted Interface iquid Distance 6

7 Solid G G G f Solid iquid Interfacial layers 1 2 N δg iquid ( δ δ ) Energetic barrier of G or T S for atoms to go across interfacial area δ iq Sol f Proportion of atoms moving to liquid phase: p δ i δ δ i f i ayer: 1 ~ N Contribution from excess enthalpy to δ p > 0 iq Sol T S f Proportion of atoms moving to solid phase: p S TδS i TδS i f i ayer: 1 ~ N T ( δs ) T S > Contribution from excess entropy to TδS p S iq Sol 0 7

8 Present Model to Evaluate Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of Pure Metals iq Sol 1 α ( Δ + β T ΔS 2 ) 1. lpha Ratio of coordination numbers, Z Interface Bulk, Solid and it depends on crystal structure and plane of solid phase α min α max α ave FCC:0.458 CP : BCC : DC : FCC:0.592 CP : BCC : DC : FCC:0.561 CP : BCC : DC : / Z (based on Granasy et al.) Δ 2. Beta Ratio of contribution from and TΔS iq Sol onto interfacial energy (determined from expe data) 8

9 Calculated Results of Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of Pure Metals iq Sol Crystal structure 1 α ( Δ + β T ΔS 2 Molar volume Interfacial area point iq Sol iq Sol (Calc) (Expe) ΔS [kj/mol] [cm 3 /mol] [m 2 /mol] [K] [J/mol K] [mj/m 2 ] [mj/m 2 ] Δ ) ( β 0.8) Molar volume data for solid metals are used to estimate interfacial area: 2/3 Vm, solid N N FactSage and the latest thermodynamic databases for alloy systems are used to evaluate and Δ Δ S ( Δ / T m) 9

10 Comparison between Calc and Expe Solid-liquid Interfacial Energies of Pure Metals 1 iq Sol α ( Δ + β T ΔS ) 2 ( β 0.8) Expe. data are basically provided using Gibbs-Thompson theory (Nucleation frequency) Good agreements are obtained β 0.8 when is assumed Interfacial energy, S (Expe e.) [mj/m 2 ] Expe e. i Pb g Na Sn Ga Bi Pd Ni Co Pt Mn g Cu Ge Fe u l Sb Calc Interfacial energy, S (Calc.) [mj/m 2 ] 10

11 Present Model to Estimate Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of lloys S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 TΔS 1. dditive equation is assumed to estimate the contributions from and TΔS as functions of composition of liquid phase Δ Δ 2. Contribution from excess energy, due to interactions between different kinds of atoms across the interface, is introduced Excess lloy 1 ( Ω 2 1 ( Ω 2 Interface B iquid B x x x x B S B + Ω + Ω 1 Solid Interface B Solid B Interface iquid Ω B ( Ω B + Ω B ) 2 x S x x S S B x ) B ) Ex B B Ex 11

12 Solid-liquid interfacial energy of l-based alloys at 823 K 823K l-bi 823K l-in l Bi l In 823K l-pb l Pb Expe data: N.Eustathopoulos: Inter. Metals Review, 28(1983), 189. Interfacial energy, S (Expe.) [mj/m 2 ] Expe. l-sn l-bi Pure l Calc. l-pb l-in Good greement! Interfacial energy, S (Calc.) [mj/m 2 ] 12

13 Composition dependence of solid-liquid interfacial energy Interfacial energy, S (Expe.) [mj/m 2 ] l-sn Pure l Interfacial energy, S (Calc.) [mj/m 2 ] Interfacial energy, S (Expe.) [mj/m 2 ] Zn-Sn Pure Zn Interfacial energy, S (Calc.) [mj/m 2 ] S Zn-Sn l-sn l Sn Sn Zn 13

14 Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of Ferrous lloys S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B) β + 2 Ex Fe-Cu iq + ( γ,δ )-Fe (s) iq-sol Pure Cu Pure Fe Fe concentration in liq. phase (at%) Expe data:. Granasy & T. Tegze :Mat.Sci. Forum, 77 (1991),

15 Contribution from Enthalpy and Entropy of Fusion onto Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy in Other Proposed Models uthor iq Sol 1 ( a Δ + bt ΔS Δ Contributions TΔS ) pplication to alloys Skapski (1956) >90 <10 Zadumkin (1962) Ewing (1971) Eustathopoulus et al. (1973~) Spaepen (1975~) Waseda et al. (1978) Miedema et al. (1979) Warren (1980) Granasy et al. (1991~) Battezzati (2000) Kaptay (2001~) Digilov (2002~) Jones (2002) Shimizu et al. (2005~)

16 Conclusions model was proposed to estimate solid-liquid interfacial energy of alloy systems using thermodynamic properties. S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 TΔS Δ The present model contains the contribution from both enthalpy and entropy of fusion. The present model estimates solid-liquid interfacial energies of alloys in good agreements with existing experimental data. Ex 16

17

18 α β ( ( α G G G β ) +

19 1. Solid-liquid interfacial energy basically has positive temperature dependence, which results in negative dependence of solute composition. 2. owever, if solute element has very high latent heat and entropy of fusion, interfacial energy between pure solid and -based alloy increases as concentration of increases. 3. For those systems with large positive interactions, interfacial energy increases as solute concentration of liquid alloy increases.

20 Calculated Results of Solid-liquid Interfacial Energy of Pure Metals Entropy of Crystal structure atent heat [kj]molar volume Molar area point [K] iq Sol iq Sol fusion (Calc) (Expe)

21 iqγfe Solid-liquid interfacial energy of Fe-based alloys

22 S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 Composition dependence of solid-liquid interfacial energy Ex 1234K 577K g-pb l (pure g) iq-sol (alloy) / iq-sol g Pb 577K 1234K Temp. Passerone et al.(1982)

23 Solid Interface iquid Number of nearest neighbor atoms around one atom:12 6 in parallel, 3 in lower, 3 in upper layer If 3 atoms in upper layer are removed, interface (or surface) is obtained Fusion iq Sol 1 3 ( 12 Fusion ) 1 1 ( 4 Fusion ) 1 ( 4 Fusion + 1 4?) 23

24 Zn 系合金 純 Zn 337 Zn 系合金の固液界面エネルギー 文献値 :N.Eustathopoulos :Inter. Metals Review, Vol.28 (1983), pp から検索 引用

25 純 Zn 純 Zn Zn-In 系合金の固液界面エネルギー Zn-Sn 系合金の固液界面エネルギー In-Zn Sn-Zn 文献値 : N.Eustathopo ulos :Inter. Metals Review, Vol.28 (1983), pp から検索 引用 In Zn Sn Zn

26 純 Cu Cu Pb Cu-Pb 系合金の固液界面エネルギー 文献値 :N.Eustathopoulos :Inter. Metals Review, Vol.28 (1983), pp から検索 引用

27 m mn S T BCC m Fe BCC m Fe BCC Pure BCC Fe / 212 ) ( 2 1,,, + β α 1809K/ K/1493 Fe-C2 元系合金の固液界面エネルギー m mn S T FCC m Fe FCC m Fe FCC Pure FCC Fe / 233 ) ( 2 1,,, + β α C at%

28 iquid µ Fe µ iquid Fe µ Fe C Fe δ Fe T S Fe C Fe C at% δ µ Fe 侵入型希薄合金の場合には溶媒の融解熱 融解のエントロピーの溶質濃度変化から評価 1809K/ K/1493 Fe-delta Fe δ C Fe-gamma Fe γ C C at% C at% Temp./K

29 iq Sol 1 2 Fusion なぜ係数は 1/2??? 固相 Interface 液相 Fusion このエネルギーの差が融解熱であり その半分だから?

30 固相 液相 マクロな平衡状態 G E の低い方が安定 抵抗有 (E 増加 ) 原子レベルでは 動的な平衡状態 -T S 抵抗有 (S 低下 ) S の大きい方が安定 原子は 時折 周りから熱エネルギーを 揺らぎ として受け取って 界面を越えて隣の相にも移動する ( ただし また戻ってくることもある )

31 固相 界面層 液相 仮に固相中の E と S の変化がない場合 Solid G G G f f iquid 2 体間結合エネルギー 距離 常時この微細構造は存在せず 揺らいでいる T f S f

32 固相 Solid G G G f iquid 界面層 液相 2 体間結合エネルギー 仮に固相中の E と S の変化がなく さらに液相中の E の変化もない場合 距離 f 常時この微細構造は存在せず 揺らいでいる T f S f

33 固相 Solid G G G f iquid 界面層 液相 動的平衡状態において 界面を行き来する原子は δg(δ or TδS) の自由エネルギーの山を超える必要がある δ δ i f > 0 f f i この斜線部の面積の和 過剰な界面における自由エネルギーへの寄与 δ P 右向きへ移動する原子の割合 T f S f TδS T ( δs ) T S > i f i この斜線部の面積の和 過剰な界面における自由エネルギーへの寄与 Tδ P 左向きへ移動する原子の割合 0

34 ) 4 1 ( 1 +α Interface Δ Solid Solid m Solid iquid m iquid iquid G S T S T G ) ( Solid iquid Solid iquid S S T 融点 T m において固液界面の液相中では 固相の原子配列の影響を受けて 液体中に規則的な原子配列が存在する可能性あり 無秩序状態に対する大きなエントロピーから 固相液相界面無秩序が安定なのに むりやり秩序づけられ 34 ) ( Solid iquid m Solid iquid S S T m S T ントロピーから規則化の小さなエントロピーへ差が生じる Spaepen et al. むりやり秩序づけられる居心地の悪い状態 ) ( 1 m Interface S T Δ Δ +

35 ) ( 2 1 ) ( 1 m m Interface S T S T b a Δ Δ Δ Δ + + β α ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( m m Interface S T S T Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ + + もしも α0.5 β1 なら 最初の Turnbull の式に帰着

36 合金の固液界面エネルギー : S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 Ex (1) 純粋金属の固液間界面エネルギーは融解熱とエントロピーの寄与からなる (2) 純金属の固液間界面エネルギーの温度依存性はプラス (3) エントロピーの寄与は 純粋成分の融解のエントロピーに寄与率を掛けた値で評価 (4) 融解熱と融解のエントロピーの寄与は合金では 液相中の各成分のモル分率による加成性で表すことができると仮定する (5) 結晶構造の違いによる固液界面の結合数を考慮して 面方位依存性を考慮する

37 合金の固液界面エネルギー : S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 Ex (6) 固相の結晶構造を考慮するが その固相の主たる成分を溶媒とした場合 溶質については 溶媒と同じ結晶構造を取ると仮定した場合の固液間界面エネルギーを考慮する (7) 組成の異なる固相と液相が対峙した際に新たに生じる異種原子間相互作用を考慮 (8) 混合のエントロピーの寄与は 3 次元と 2 次元平面では同じであると考え 界面を含む系では過剰量としては存在しないと仮定する

38 共晶系において 2 つの固相の結晶構造が異なる場合 西澤泰二 : ミクロ組織の熱力学 講座 現代の金属学材料編 2 日本金属学会 38

39 実験原理 福田敦 3 種の界面エネルギー液体の表面張力 固体の表面エネルギー S 固液界面エネルギー S の水平 垂直方向のつりあい S θ V θ 1 θ 2 θ S S S S sin( 180 θ 1) sin(180 θ 2) sin( θ 1+ θ 2) iquid Gas Solid (Dupre の式 ) 液滴の自発的な基板の溶解による θ 1, θ 2 の値固気液三相界面の平衡形状の観察 Butlerの式合金液体の表面張力 これらの値を Dupre の式に代入することで 固液界面エネルギー 39 S と固体の表面エネルギー S を評価する

40 実験方法 福田敦 Cu-B 系平衡状態図 2092 C (B) Temperature, T / Cu (Cu) B Mole Fraction of B, x B / mol% デジタルカメラ 石英管 横型石英管炉 カンタルヒーター照明 Gas outlet Ti (sponge) K 型熱電対油拡散ポンプ Gas inlet Temperature, T / C 1013 C ~ Cu1.7 ~ B Mole Fraction of B, x B / mol% Cu の融点近傍領域 Cu 基板 昇温 θ 1 θ 2 Cu-10%B 合金 石英基板 Cu-B 合金試料が融解し 銅基板を溶解する

41 実験結果 1076 C, r-10% 2 雰囲気下で 5 分間保持された銅基板上の Cu-B 合金液滴 θ 1 実験後の断面 Cu 基板 急冷 θ1 θ V S 福田敦 θ 2 S θ S θ 1 θ 1 6.4±0.4 θ2 Cu-B 合金組織 Butlerの式より推算 S S Dupreの式 sin( 180 θ 1) sin(180 θ 2) sin( θ 1 + θ 2) 1mm θ ±2.5 (Cu-1.7at.%B, 1076 ) 1366 mn/m に代入 固液界面エネルギー固体の表面エネルギー S 170 ± 16 mn/m, S 1435 ±60 mn/m cf. S mn/m ( 融点での純 Cu の固液界面エネルギーの報告値 ) S 1473 mn/m ( 融点での純 Cu の固体の表面エネルギーの報告値 )

42 保持温度と実験結果 福田敦 Cu-B 系平衡状態図 2092 C (B) Temperature, T / 面心立方 Cu (Cu) B Mole Fraction of B, x B / mol% 菱面体晶 固液界面エネルギー S Temperature, T / C 1013 C ~ Cu1.7 ~ B Mole Fraction of B, x B / mol% Cu の融点近傍領域

43 福田敦 g-bi 合金における g 基板上の液滴形状の観察結果の一例 g-bi 合金における凝固試料の断面の観察結果の一例

44 S 1 α {( x m, + xb m, B ) + T ( x Sm, + xb Sm, B ) β + 2 Ex 福田敦 g-bi 系の固液界面エネルギーの温度依存性の測定結果 g-bi 系の固液界面エネルギーの組成依存性の測定結果 g-bi2 元系合金の状態図 g Bi

45 2 面角法 N.Eustathopoulos :Inter. Metals Review, Vol.28 (1983), pp から引用

46 1. 合金の固液界面エネルギーは主として温度依存性に従って 組成とともに減少する 2. 溶質成分が極端に高融点であるなど大きな融解熱 融解のエントロピーを持つ場合には 組成とともに 界面エネルギーは増加する 3. プラスの相互作用が強い系では 界面エネルギー増加する 4. 静滴法の実験は 多結晶の 2 面角測定法 ( 数多くの結晶粒界の測定の統計的平均から界面エネルギーを決定 ) の一部に相当するのかも?

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