スポーツ教育学研究（2016. Vol.36, No2 pp.49-59）
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1 2016. Vol.36, No.2, pp 卓球サービス動作に関する指導の観点 : 日本ジュニア世代トップレベル選手を対象とした競技サポートから Perspectives on Teaching and Evaluating Service Movement in Table Tennis: Insights Gained from Practical Competition Support for Top Japanese Junior Players Kazuto YOSHIDA 1 Koshi YAMADA 2 Sho TAMAKI 3 Masaru KAGA 4 1 Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka NPO Table Tennis Friendship Club, Ikeda, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka Faculty of Human Health Sciences, Meio University, Biimata, Nago, Okinawa Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama Abstract The purpose of this study was to clarify perspectives of teaching and evaluating table tennis services: how to display a player s movement to his/her opponent. This study was done as a part of a 5-year period of competition support using sport sciences. The main results and findings were as follows: 1) In table tennis service, when serving a ball far from or near to the net on the receiver s court, there was often a difference in the first bound placement on the server s court and the height of the ball-hitting position. Furthermore, when serving a ball to the right or left of the receiver s court, the direction of the server s trunk often differed between the courses. These were considered important perspectives for teaching and evaluating table tennis service of top Japanese junior players. 2) The check sheet made in this study to improve the similarity of service movement between different kinds of services was effective for top Japanese junior table tennis players, even for first-time participants. Future subjects of this check sheet would expand to include other coaches and players of varying competitive levels. 3) A comparison between the check sheet of table tennis service movement and table tennis textbooks indicated that the check sheet gave new practicable insights into coaching for improving service: how to display a player s movement to his/her opponent. 49
2 Ⅰ. はじめに Geske et al Molodzoff Tepper Lee and Xie 2004 Wang et al b 2014a a 2014a Ⅱ. 方法 1. 実験 2014a 1.1 手順
3 SONY DCR-TRV データ分析 打球方法や主要な動きによるサービスタイプの分類 2014a サーバーの動き 2014a 1 5 表 1 被験者ごとの平成 21 ~ 23 年度の実験への参加状況 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 51
4 サーバーの動きに関するチェックシートの作成と利用 2.1 チェックシートの作成 a 2.2 チェックシートを利用した実験 サーバーの動きに関する卓球指導書での記述調査 52
5 a 2012b a 2010b Molozoff 2008 Tepper 2004 Ⅲ. 結果と考察 1. サーバーの動き 1.1 打球方法や主要な動きによるサービスタイプの分類 A G A B D F コースの打ち分けにおいて 修正が必要 と指摘されたサーバーの動き A A 3 11 A 表 2 平成 年度の 6 回の実験で見られたサービスのタイプの分類 A B YG C D E F G 2014a A G 53
6 表 3 コースの異なる 2 種類のサービスにおいて違いが見られた動きとそれぞれの度数 (A タイプ ) A =6 2 B =7 C =12 = A 2 B D F 3 B 3 D 3 F A B D 2 B D F A 2.サーバーの動きに関するチェックシートの作成と利用 1 A 11 B 1 D a
7 選手名 観察者名 日付 年 月 日 サービス 1: サービスタイプ コース 回転 サービス 2: サービスタイプ コース 回転 1) 選手に レシーバーに球質を判別されないように コースや回転の異なる 2 種類のサービスを打ち出す と指示する 2) 表の下の コースや回転の異なるサービス時に 違いが生じやすい動き を参考に レシーバー視点から 2 種類のサービス間においてサーバーの動きに違いが見られる箇所について 以下の表に マークを記入する 1 表中の マークは マークを記入しない箇所を示す 2 異なるサービスであれば インパクト時のラケットとボールの衝突の仕方は必ず異なるため インパクト時のラケットには マークを記入しないこととする 3 * マークは レシーバー視点のみではなく 選手のラケットハンド側から観察することにより 違いがさらにわかりやすくなることが多い箇所を示す コースや回転の異なるサービス時に 違いが生じやすい動き (1) ラケットラケット面の向き ラケットの位置 それらの時間系列変化など (2) ラケットハンドの肘インパクトからインパクト後にかけて肘を引き上げる動き レシーバー視点から見た体幹での肘の隠れ方など (3) フリーハンド様々なタイミングにおける肘の屈曲 肩関節の外転など (4) 体幹の傾きインパクト前後の 体幹の前傾の程度 ( 右図参照 ) (9) 足の踏み込みフォワードスイング時の足の上げ方や着地の仕方 (10) 顔の向きインパクト前後の 顔の向き 右図のように 顔の向きがサービスを打ち出す方向になることが多い (11) 首の屈曲インパクト前後の 首の屈曲の程度 (12) トスされたボールの高さトスされたボールの頂点の高さ (5) 体幹の向き左右のコースへサービスを打ち分ける組み合わせにおける 体幹の向き 右図のように 卓球台に向かった対戦者の左側へのサービス ( 左側の図 ) と 対戦者の右側へのサービス ( 右側の図 ) で違いが見られることが多い 上方から見た模式図 (13) インパクト位置の高さ長短のコースへサービスを打ち分ける組み合わせにおける上下のインパクト位置 右図のように 長いサービスの際は 低いインパクト位置 ( 左側の図 ) 短いサービスの際は高いインパクト位置 ( 右側の図 ) になることが多い また 下回転の際は低いインパクト位置 ( 左側の図 ) 無回転の際は高いインパクト位置 ( 右側の図 ) になる選手も見られる (6) しゃがみ込みの程度しゃがみ込みサービスなど ( 表 1 のタイプ D および E) の際のしゃがみ込む大きさ ( 右図参照 ) (7) 立ち位置構え あるいはインパクト前後での立ち位置 右図のように 卓球台に向かった対戦者の左側へのサービス ( 左側の図 ) と 対戦者の右側へのサービス ( 右側の図 ) では 左右の立ち位置に違いが見られることが多い (8) スタンス構え あるいはインパクト前後などにおけるスタンスの広さや 左右の足の位置関係 (14) 左右のインパクト位置左右のコースへサービスを打ち分ける組み合わせにおける左右のインパクト位置 右図のように 卓球台に向かった対戦者の左側へのサービス ( 左側の図 ) と 対戦者の右側へのサービス ( 右側の図 ) で違いが見られることが多い (15) 第 1 バウンドの位置長短のコースへサービスを打ち分ける組み合わせにおける第 1 バウンドの位置 右図のように 長いサービスの際はエンドライン寄り ( 左側の図 ) 短いサービスの際は エンドラインから離れネット寄り ( 右側の図 ) になることが多い また 無回転や横回転の際はエンドライン寄り ( 左側の図 ) 下回転の際はエンドラインから離れネット寄り ( 右側の図 ) になる選手も見られる 図 1 レシーバーにコースや回転を判別されないための サーバーの動きのチェックシート 55
8 A B C A B C E サーバーの動きについての卓球指導書での記述 Tepper 競技現場への示唆 今後の課題 56
9 表 4 チェックシートに示された 15 種類の動きに関する指導の観点についての指導書の内容 b2010b a 2012b b 2010b Tepper 2004 Molodzoff b a 2012b2010b a 2012b b Tepper Tepper
10 Ⅳ. 要約 注 a 付記 toto K01556 文献 2012 pp pp Geske, K.M. and Muller, J Table tennis tactics. Meyer & Meyer Sport: United Kingdom, pp pp pp DVD 50pp
11 59 1 pp pp Lee, K.T. and Xie, W The variation in spins produced by Singapore elite table tennis players on different types of service. International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, 22: pp pp !!! pp a DVD! pp b DVD! pp ! pp a 50pp pp pp pp pp pp pp b pp pp pp p.56 pp p.155 pp pp Molodzoff, P ITTF Advanced Coaching Manual. International table tennis federation: Switzerland, pp.56-63, pp pp DVD pp pp ! pp DVD! 50pp pp pp Tepper, G ITTF Level 1 Coaching Manual. International table tennis federation: Switzerland, pp , pp Wang, J., Zhou, J.H., Li, X.F., and Li, L.S Biomechanical kinetic analysis of serve techniques in table tennis for elite women player Yining Zhang. International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports 26: p pp a pp b 59 1 pp
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