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- へいぞう とりこし
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3 Table 1. Antibacterial activity of cefdinir, cefixime, cefteram, cefuroxime, cefaclor and amoxicillin against standard strains Inoculum size: 108 cells/ml CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin
4 Table 2. Antibacterial activity of cefdinir, cefixime, cefteram, cefuroxime, cefaclor and amoxicillin against standard strains Inoculum size:106cells/ml CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin
5 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 2. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (outpatients), 19 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin ()1: Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 3. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (inpatients), 24 strains.
6 Fig. 4. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 60 strains. Fig. 5. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 34 strains.
7 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin( ): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 6. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 28 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin() : Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 7. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, 28 strains.
8 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin () Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 8. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Enterococcus avium, 18 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 9. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecelis, 46 strains.
9 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 10. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium, 29 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin() : Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 11. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, 32 strains.
10 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 12. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 29 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 13. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca, 17 strains.
11 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixirne, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 14. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis, 20 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixirne, CFTM: cefteram, CXM cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 15. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Proteus vulgaris, 20 strains.
12 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 16. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Morganella morganii, 20 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 17. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Providencia rettgeri, 20 strains.
13 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin() : Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 18. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Providencia stuartii, 24 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM cefterarn, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC:amosicillin( ): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 19. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens, 27 strains.
14 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin ()Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 20. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae, 22 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 21. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18 strains.
15 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin() : Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 22. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, 18 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX cefixime, CFTM cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 23. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis, 21 strains.
16 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) (): Fig. 24. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (non-ppng), 40 strains. CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor, AMPC: amoxicillin (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%) Fig. 25. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), 33 strains.
17 CFDN: cefdinir, CFIX: cefixime, CFTM: cefteram, CXM: cefuroxime, CCL: cefaclor (): Cumulative percent of strains inhibited (%), AMPC: amoxicillin Fig. 26. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, 23 strains.
18 Inoculum size: 106 cells/ml Fig. 27. MIC50 and MIC80 of cefdinir against clinical isolates.
19 Fig. 28. Bactericidal activity of cefdinir, cefixime, cefteram, cefuroxime, cefaclor and amoxicillin against Klebsiella pneumoniae 3K25.
20 Fig. 29. Enzymatic stability of cefdinir and other antibiotics
21 Table 3. Protective effect of cefdinir and other antibiotics on experimental infection in mice *5% mucin added ED50: Van der Waerden method (95% confidence limit) MLD: Minimum lethal dose Administration: p.o., 1 h after infection Mouse: ICR, 4 W,. 19 }1g, 6 animals/group
22 Table 4. Protective effect of cefdinir and other antibiotics on experimental infection in mice *5% mucin added ED50: Van der Waerden method (95% confidence limit) MLD: Minimum lethal dose Administration: p.o., 1h after infection Mouse: ICR, 4W,, 19 }1g, 6 animals/group
23 Table 5. Protective effect of cefdinir and other antibiotics in mice infected simultaneously with Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis *5% mucin added ED50: Van der Waerden method (95% confidence limit) MLD: Minimum lethal dose Administion: p.o. 1h after infection Mouse: ICR, 4W,, 19 }1g, 6 animals/group Challenge dose: 1.2 ~107 cfu/mouse Therapy:5mg/mouse, p.o., bid ~3days after challenge Challenge dose: 3 ~108cfu/mouse Therapy: lmg/mouse, p.o., 6 h after challenge Fig. 30. Therapeutic effect of CFDN and other antibiotics on experimental urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli KU-3 in mice. Fig. 31. Therapeutic effect of CFDN and other antibiotics on viable cells in lungs of mice intranasally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae TMS3. 1) MINE Y, KAMIMURA T, WATANABE Y, TAWARA S, MATSUMOTO Y, SHIBAYAMA F. KIKUCHI H, TAKAYA T, KUWAHARA s: In vitro antibacterial activity of FK482, a new orally active cephalosporin. J. Antibiot. 41: 1873 `1887, 1988
24 Table 6. Protective effect of cefdinir and other antibiotics on experimental infection in mice intranasally infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae 3K25 *Intranasal infection: 50ƒÊl ED50: Van der Waerden method (95% confidence limit) MLD: Minimum lethal dose (1 ~107 i. p. challenge) Administration: p. o., 6 h after infection Mouse: ICR, 4W,, 19 }1g, 6 animals/group Table 7. Comparative protective effect of cefdinir and other antibiotics on experimental infection in normal and neutropenic mice *5% mucin added * cyclophosphamide(250mg/kg) *, i.p., 4 days before infection ED50: Van der Waerden method(95% confidence limit) MLD: Minimum lethal dose (normal mice 1 ~106cfu/mouse, neutropenic mice 4.8 ~105 cfu/ mouse) Administration: p. o., 1h after infection Mouse: ICR, 4W,, 19 }1g, 6 animals/group 2) MINE Y, YOKOTA Y, WAKAI Y, KAMIMURA T, TAWARA S, SHIBAYAMA F, KIKUCHI H, KUWAHARA S: In vivo antibacterial activity of FK482, a new orally, active cephalosporin. J. Antibiot. 41: 1888 `1895, 1988
25 cefdinir cefixime cefteram pivoxil cefuroxime axetil cefaclor amoxicillin Fig. 32. Serum level in mice. Table 8. Kidney and lung levels of cefdinir and other antibiotics after oral dosing in mice Administration: p. o., 1mg/mouse Mouse: ICR, 4W,, 19 }1g, 5 animals/group 8) SAKAMOTO H, HIROSE T, NAKAMOTO S, HATANO K, SHIBAYAMA F, KIKUCHI H, MINE Y, KUWAHARA S: Pharmacokinetics of FK482, a new orally active cephalosporin, in animals. J.Antibiot. 41: 1896 `1905, 1988
26 IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF CEFDINIR, A NEW ORAL CEPHALOSPORIN SACHIKO GOTO, MASATOSHI OGAWA, YASUKO KANEKO and SHOGO KUWAHARA Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Toho University Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143, Japan The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cefdinir (CFDN), a new oral cephalosporin, were studied and compared with those of cefixime (CFIX), cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI, in vitro: CFTM), cefuroxime axetil (CXM-AX, in vitro: CXM), cefaclor (CCL) and amoxicillin (AMPC). 1. CFDN had potent activity against Gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc., and moderately potent activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis resistant to other oral cephalosporins. Against Gram-negative organisms, the activity of CFDN was slightly inferior to that of CFIX and CFTM, and superior to that of CXM, CCL and AMPC. 2. The bactericidal activity of CFDN against Klebsiella pneumoniae 3K25 was superior to that of the comparative drugs. Furthermore, the drug was bactericidal at sub-mic levels. 3. CFDN, like CFIX and CFTM, was extremely stable to various types of Ĉ-lactamase. 4. In mice infected experimentally with Gram-positive organisms, the therapeutic effect of CFDN was superior to that of CFIX, CFTM-PI, CXM-AX and CCL. In mice infected experimentally with Gram-negative organisms, it was also superior to that of CXM-AX, CCL and AMPC, but inferior to that of CFIX and CFTM -PI. In neutropenic mice, the therapeutic effect of CFDN was almost the same as that in normal mice. 5. The serum, lung and kidney levels of CFDN in mice were lower than those of the comparative drugs.
CHEMOTHERAPY Methicillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) coccus epidermidis 105 Streptococcus pyogenes E.faecali senterococcus avium Enterococcus faecium Str
cefaclor(ccl),cefuroxime(cxm),cefixime (CFIX),cefteram(CFTM),cefdinir(CFDN) pneumoniae,streptococcus pyogenes Moraxella catarrhalis,haemophilus influenzae,escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,proteus
Fig.1 Chemical structure of BAY o 9867
Fig.1 Chemical structure of BAY o 9867 CHEMOTHERAPY 43 Table 3 Antibacterial spectrum of gram negative bacteria Medium:Heart infusion agar (Nissui) Method:Agar dilution (Streak) CHEMOTHERAPY DEC 1985
Table 1 Survival rates of infected mice given antibiotic doses producing peak serum a) S. aurcus Smith Challenge dose :7 ~10 (5% mucin) CFU/mouse. LD50: 1 ~103 (5% mucin) CFU/mouse. Table 2 Survival rates
CHEMOTHERAPY Proteus mirabilis GN-79 Escherichia coli No. 35 Proteus vulgaris GN-76 Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 11 Escherichia coli ML-1410 RGN-823 Kle
VOL. 29 NO.8 CHEMOTHERAPY 865 CHEMOTHERAPY Proteus mirabilis GN-79 Escherichia coli No. 35 Proteus vulgaris GN-76 Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 11 Escherichia coli ML-1410 RGN-823 Klebsiella pneumoniae GN-69
Table 1 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates 1. Escherichia coli Inoculum size: 106cells/ml 2. Klebsiella pneumoniae 3. Enterobacter cloacae 4. Serratia marcescens Inoculum size: 106cells/nil
CHEMOTHERAPY APRIL 1992 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli P. aeruginosa E. eoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marc
APRIL 1992 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli P. aeruginosa E. eoli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens P. aeruginosa P. aeruginosa Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus
epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, indolepositive Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia
epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, indolepositive Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia Table 3. Overall clinical efficacy of cefozopran in
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VOL.35 S-2 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig.1 Chemical structure of carumonam CHEMOTHERAPY JUNE 1987 Table1 Media used *BHIB, brain heart infusion broth (Difco); /3 -NAD, S -nicotinamidoadeninedinucleotide (Sigma Chemical
THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 48-8 Enterococcus avium 5Š, Corynebacterium xerosis 10Š, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 10Š, Corynebacterium
THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 48-8 Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Burkholderia cepacia, Flavobacterium spp., Alcaligenes spp. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 48-8 Enterococcus avium 5Š, Corynebacterium
CHEMOTHERAPY aureus 0.10, Enterococcus faecalis 3.13, Escherichia coli 0.20, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens 0.78, Prote
aureus 0.10, Enterococcus faecalis 3.13, Escherichia coli 0.20, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens 0.78, Proteus mirabilis 3.13, Proteus vulgaris 1.56, Citrobacter freundii 0.39,
Staphylococcus sp. K.pneumoniae P.mirabilis C.freundii E. cloacae Serratia sp. P. aeruginosa ml, Enterococcus avium >100ƒÊg/ml
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VOL.33 S-5 CHEMOTHERAPY 381 Fig. 1 Chemical structure of HAPA-B Chemical name 1-N-[(2S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropiony1]-4-0-(6-amino- 6-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-013-deoxy-4-C-methyl- 3-(methylamino)-ƒÀ-L-arabinopyranosyl]-2-deoxystreptamine
VOL.27 S-3 CHEMO THERAPY mido)-3-[[[1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl] -thio] methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid dihydro- S. aureus 209-P JC
![VOL.27 S-3 CHEMO THERAPY mido)-3-[[[1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl] -thio] methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid dihydro- S. aureus 209-P JC](/thumbs/95/124246112.jpg "VOL.27 S-3 CHEMO THERAPY mido)-3-[[[1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl] -thio] methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid dihydro- S. aureus 209-P JC")
VOL.27 S-3 CHEMO THERAPY mido)-3-[[[1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl] -thio] methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid dihydro- S. aureus 209-P JC, E. coli NIHJ JC-2 pneumoniae E. coli 106, K. pneumoniae
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VOL. 32 S-4 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of sodium cefoperazone Fig. 2 Chemical structure of sodium cefoperazone CHEMOTHERAPY JUN. 1984 Citrobacter freundii 27, Enterobacter aerogenes 26, Enterobacter
日本化学療法学会雑誌第61巻第6号
β Moraxella catarrhalis Escherichia coli Citrobacter Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae Serratia marcescens Proteus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter Bacteroides fragilis β Haemophilus influenzae
b) Gram-negative bacteria Fig. 2 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates : E. coli Fig. 3 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates : Pseudomonas Fig. 1 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates
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VOL. 23 NO. 3 CHEMOTHERAPY 1067 Table 2 Sensitivity of gram positive cocci isolated from various diagnostic materials Table 3 Sensitivity of gram nega
1066 CHEMOTHERAPY MAR. 1975 Table 1 Sensitivity of standard strains VOL. 23 NO. 3 CHEMOTHERAPY 1067 Table 2 Sensitivity of gram positive cocci isolated from various diagnostic materials Table 3 Sensitivity
CHEMOTHERAPY OCT. 1994 Tazobactam Piperacillin Fig. I. Chemical structures of tazobactam and piperacillin. Table 1. Media used for preculture and MIC determination BHIB: Brain heart infusion broth (Difco),
Table 1. Antibacterial activitiy of grepafloxacin and other antibiotics against clinical isolates
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CHEMOTHERAPY OCT. 1984 Fig. I Chemical structure of CTRX VOL.32 S-7 CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 MIC of standard strains of CTRX Fig. 2 Cumulative curves of MIC S. aureus (26 strains ) CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 3 Cumulative
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Fig. 1 Chemical structure of DL-8280
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of DL-8280 Fig. 2 Susceptibility of cl in ical isolates to DL4280 Fig. 5 Susceptibility of clinical isolates to DL-8280 Fig. 3 Susceptibility of clinical isolates to DL-8280 Fig.
Clostridium difficile ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Bacteroides fragilis B. fragilis C. difficile
Clostridium difficile ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Lactobacillus Bacteroides fragilis B. fragilis C. difficile Key words: temafloxacin, TA-167, Bacteroides fragilis,
1.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes JC-1,S.aureus Smith,methicillin (DMPPC)- susceptible S. aureus subsp. aureus (MSSA) TR101, DMPPC-resistant S. aureus subsp. aureus (MRSA) TR102, Staphylococcus
pneumoniae 30, C. freundii 32, E. aerogenes 27, E. cloacae 32, P. mirabilis 31, P. vulgaris 34, M. morganii 32, S. marcescens 31, H. influenzae 27, P.
pneumoniae 30, C. freundii 32, E. aerogenes 27, E. cloacae 32, P. mirabilis 31, P. vulgaris 34, M. morganii 32, S. marcescens 31, H. influenzae 27, P. aeruginosa 30, P. maltophilia pyogenes 32, Escherichia
1272 CHEMOTHERAPY MAR. 1975
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Fig.2. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of S. epidermidis (24 strains, 106 CFU/ml) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epider- midis Ent
Fig.2. Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates of S. epidermidis (24 strains, 106 CFU/ml) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epider- midis Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella
VOL.32 S-9 CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Minimum inhibitory concentrations of AC-1370, CPZ and CAZ Table 2 Efficacy of AC-1370 and CPZ against systemic infections in mice *Inoculum size: 106 cells/ml * 95% confidence
Table 1 Antibacterial spectra of CPM and other antimicrobials against anaerobes Fig. 1 In vitro activity of CPM and other antibiotics against B. fragilis (136 strains) Fig. 2 In vitro activity of CPM and
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CHEMOTHERAPY 34 T-2588の APR.1986 嫌 気 性 菌 に 対す る抗 菌 作 用 に つ い て 沢 赫 代 神 野 英 毅 青 木 誠 小 林 と よ子 渡 辺 邦 友 上 野 一 恵 岐阜大学医学部附属嫌気性菌実験施設 新 し く 開 発 さ れ た 経 口 用 エ ス テ ル 型 セ フ ェ ム 系 抗 生 剤T-2588の 口 剤 で あ るcephalexin(CEX),cefaclor(CCL)
2 CHEMOTHERAPY JAN. 1976 VOL. 24 NO. 1 CHEMOTHERAPY 3 Table 1 Antibacterial spectra of Cephacetrile, Cephalothin, Cephaloridine and Cefazolin 4 CHEMOTHERAPY JAN. 1976 Fig. 1 In vitro activity of Cephacetrile,
CHEMOTHERAPY DEC Table 1 Antibacterial spectra of T-1982, CTT, CMZ, CTX, CPZ and CEZ 106 CFU/ml Note: P; Peptococcus, S; Streptococcus, G; Gaffk
VOL. 30 S-3 CHEMOTHERAPY imeumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus sp, CHEMOTHERAPY DEC. 1982 Table 1 Antibacterial spectra of T-1982, CTT, CMZ, CTX, CPZ and CEZ 106 CFU/ml Note: P; Peptococcus, S; Streptococcus,
VOL. 33 S-5 CHEMO THERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of HAPA-B 1-N-[ (2 S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropiony1]-4- O-(6-amino-6 - deoxy-ƒ -D- glucopyranosyl) -6
![VOL. 33 S-5 CHEMO THERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of HAPA-B 1-N-[ (2 S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropiony1]-4- O-(6-amino-6 - deoxy-ƒ -D- glucopyranosyl) -6](/thumbs/101/149863612.jpg "VOL. 33 S-5 CHEMO THERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of HAPA-B 1-N-[ (2 S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropiony1]-4- O-(6-amino-6 - deoxy-ƒ -D- glucopyranosyl) -6")
VOL. 33 S-5 CHEMO THERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of HAPA-B 1-N-[ (2 S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropiony1]-4- O-(6-amino-6 - deoxy-ƒ -D- glucopyranosyl) -6- O-[3-deoxy-4 -C-methyl-3 -(methylamino) -ƒà-l- arabinopyranosyl]-2
CHEMOTHERAPY AUG. 1982 VOL. 30 NO. 8 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig.1 Relation between various-closis of cefazolin and detection rate of organisms in heart blood of dying mice with E. coli and P. aeruginosa infection
Table 1. Antibacterial spectrum SBT ABPC ABPC CPZ : sulbactamiampicillin : ampicillin : cefoperazone
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CHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Antibacterial activity of Sulbactam/CPZ against standard strains MIC mg/ml Inoculum size 106 CFU/ml * Sulbactam/CPZ= 1: 1 ** Concentration of Sulbactam+ CPZ CHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY FEB Table 1. Activity of cefpirome and others against clinical isolates
VOL.39 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY FEB. 1981 Table 1. Activity of cefpirome and others against clinical isolates VOL.39 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY FEB. 1991 72 M, 55.5 kg 66 F, 53 kg Chronic bronchitis Bronchopneumonia Peak
988 CHEMOTHERAPY NOV. 1971
988 CHEMOTHERAPY NOV. 1971 VOL. 19 NO. 8 CHEMOTHERAPY 989 Effect of medium-ph and inoculum size on activity of SB-PC heart infusion agar, mcg/ml Sensitivity distribution of Staphylococci to SB-PC in surgical
Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumontae S. epidermidis Table 1. Summary of the organis
Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus (MRSA) vancomycin (VCM), arbekacin (ABK) Streptococcus pneumoniae cefuzonam (CZON), cefpirome (CPR) S. pneumoniae Enterococcus faecalis ampicillin (ABPC), imipenem (IPM)
日本化学療法学会雑誌第64巻第4号
β β Moraxella catarrhalisescherichia colicitrobacter Klebsiella pneumoniaeenterobacter cloacaeserratia marcescens Proteus Providencia Pseudomonas aeruginosaacinetobacter Bacteroides fragilis β β E. colik.
coccus aureus Corynebacterium sp, Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudornonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas maltophilia, F
VOL.43 S-1 coccus aureus Corynebacterium sp, Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudornonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas maltophilia, Flavobacter- Table 1. Concentration of grepafloxacin
CHEMOTHERAPY DEC (NFLX), ofloxacin (OFLX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecali
CHEMOTHERAPY DEC. 1988 (NFLX), ofloxacin (OFLX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia ma- Fig. 1. Chemical
Key words: Disinfectants, Gram negative rods, Bactericidal effect P. aeruginosa 1, P. fluorescens 20 P. putida 179, P. cepacia 216 P. maltophilia 227,
Key words: Disinfectants, Gram negative rods, Bactericidal effect P. aeruginosa 1, P. fluorescens 20 P. putida 179, P. cepacia 216 P. maltophilia 227, P. putrefaciens 279 A. faecalis 120, A. ordrans 114
VOL.48 NO.7 lase negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., indole-positive Proteus, Serratia
ceftazidime, cefpirome, cefepime, cefoperazone/sulbactam (2: 1), imipenem Staphylococcus aureus oxacillin coagulase negative staphylococci Escherichia coli piperacillin Klebsiellac spp. Citrobacter Pseudomonas
CHEMO THE RAPY OCT. 1994
bilis (0.78), Proteus vulgaris (1.56), Enterococcus faecalis (3.13), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.25), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.25), Morganella morganii (6.25), Escherichia coli (12.5), Providencia rettgeri
CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Clinical effect of Sultamicillin
CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Clinical effect of Sultamicillin CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 MICs of sultamicillin against respiratory pathogenic Branhamella catarrhalis 62 strains, inoculum size 106CFU/m1 Fig.
Streptococcus pneumoniae,streptococcus pyogenes,streptococcus agalactiae,neisseria gonorrhoeae,h.influenzae,moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrharis
Streptococcus pneumoniae,streptococcus pyogenes,streptococcus agalactiae,neisseria gonorrhoeae,h.influenzae,moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrharis, E.coil,Klebsiella pneumoniae,klebsiella oxytoca,proteus
Table 1.Quality control of MICs for reference strains Table 2.Antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against aerobic bacteria Table 4.Antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin and other quinolones against
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of KW-1070
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of KW-1070 Fig. 2 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates Fig. 4 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates Fig. 3 Sensitivity distribution of clinical isolates Fig.
CHEMOTHERAPY JUNE 1993 Table 1. Background of patients in pharmacokinetic study
CHEMOTHERAPY JUNE 1993 Table 1. Background of patients in pharmacokinetic study VOL. 41 S 1 Table 2. Levels (Đg/ml or Đg/g) of S-1006 in serum, bile, and tissue (gallbladder) after oral administration
CHEMOTHERAPY JUNE 1986
VOL. 34 S-3 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 Structural formula of L-105 CHEMOTHERAPY JUNE 1986 VOL. 34 S-3 CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Antibacterial spectra of L-105 against gram negative anaerobic rods Inoculum 106 cells/ml
366 12 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 65 6 Dec. 2012 1 8 DNA 2,3 16 12 20 171 2008 12 2010 11 2 3,558 4.44% 1.65% 1.17% 90% 9 Escherichia coli -
Dec. 2012 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 65 6 365 11 sita oxacin 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 2012 9 14 sita oxacin STFX 50 mg 10% 2008 1 2008 12 2010 11 2 STFX 1,452 91.4% 1,235/1,351 95.9% 466/486
Key words: E. coli O 157: H7, fosfomycin, verotoxin, mouse infection
Key words: E. coli O 157: H7, fosfomycin, verotoxin, mouse infection Table 1. Bacterial cell counts in feces of mice infected with Esclwrichia coli O 157: H7 NK2 before and during oral dosing with fosfomycin
CHEMOTHERAPY NOV Fig. 1 Imipenem (MK-0787) Enterobacter cloacae Enterobacter aero Morganella morganii Pseudo- Acinet ob acter Staphylococcus aur
CHEMOTHERAPY NOV. 1985 Fig. 1 Imipenem (MK-0787) Enterobacter cloacae Enterobacter aero Morganella morganii Pseudo- Acinet ob acter Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Escherichia coli Klebsiella
VOL.42 S-1 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneum
VOL.42 S-1 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
CHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Antibacterial activity of BRL 28500 against standard strains of bacteria Fig, 1 Sensitivity distribution of ABPC-resistant E. coli isolated from urinary tract Fig. 2 Sensitivity
Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori Helkobacter pylori erythromycin (EM) Mueller Hinton broth (Difco) H. pylori Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Escherichia coli ATCC25922 amoxicillin (AMPC), clarithromycin
VOL.47 NO.5 Table 1. Susceptibility distribution of Ĉ- lactams against clinical isolates of MRSA MRSA: rnethicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MAY 1999 VOL.47 NO.5 Table 1. Susceptibility distribution of ƒà- lactams against clinical isolates of MRSA MRSA: rnethicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (oxacillin MIC: 4ƒÊg/ ml) FMOX: flomoxef,
CHEMOTHERAPY MAY. 1988
CHEMOTHERAPY MAY. 1988 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure CHEMOTHERAPY MAY. 1988 VOL.36 5-1 CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY MAY. 1988 VOL.36 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY CHEMOTHERAPY MAY. 1988 VOL.36 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY
VOL. 20 NO. 5 CHEMOTHERAPY Methoxy-4-sulfanilamidopyrimidine (OS-3376) Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) Table 1. In vitro antibacterial activities of OS-3
VOL. 20 NO. 5 CHEMOTHERAPY 653 2-Methoxy-4-sulfanilamidopyrimidine (OS-3376) Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) Table 1. In vitro antibacterial activities of OS-3376, SDM, SIZ and SMZ against Gram-positive and negative
VOL.30 NO.12 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 Effect of temperature on the growth curve of A. calcoaceticus A. calcoaceticits Ac 54 A. calcoacetictts Ac 164 Fig. 2 Effect of medium ph on the growth curve of A. calcoaceticus
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Seminal paper Anhalt JP Pioneering paper Claydon MA Kishnamurthy T Enterobacter B. cereus Routine identification paper Eigner U Seng P Cherkaoui A Saureus S. Saureus* S. Vagococcus Haemophilus Mycobacterium
- 1 -
- 1 - - 1 - ... 1... 2... 4... 5... 9... 11... 14... 16... 20... 21... 22... 23... 23 - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - ( ) - 10 - - 11 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli Staphylococcus
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Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) PCG (N=118,334) 57,369 (48.5%) 判定不能 :3 (0.0%) 60,962 (51.5%) CEZ (N=143,723) I:42 (0.0%) 143,635 (99.9%) R:46 (0.0%) CVA/AMPC (N=19,281) R:14 (0.1%) 19,265 (99.9%) 判定不能 :2
第65回日本化学療法学会東日本支部総会 抄録
鍵 76 Clostridioides difficile C. difficile 77 γ γ Mycobacterium avium 78 79 Clostridium difficile Treponema pallidum 80 81 82 in vitro in vitro 83 鍵 Treponema pallidum 84 Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma
CHEMOTHERAPY APRIL 1992 VOL. 40 S- 1 Table 1-1. Comparative in vitro activity of meropenem against clinical isolates CNS: coagulase-negative staphylococci CHEMOTHERAPY APRIL 1992 Table 1-2. Comparative
CHEMOTHERAPY
VOL.40 S-1 coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp, methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter
2108 CHEMOTHERAPY SEPT Table 1 Antimicrobial spectrum Fig. 1
2108 CHEMOTHERAPY SEPT. 1977 Table 1 Antimicrobial spectrum Fig. 1 VOL. 25 NO. 7 CHEM 014 HERAPY 2109 Table 2 Susceptibility distribution of Staphylococcus aureus to aminoglycosides (54 strains) Table
PCG = Benzylpenicillin ABPC= Ampicillin AMPC= Amoxicillin MPIPC = Oxacillin MCIPC = Cloxacillin SBPC= Sulbenicillin PIPC= Piperacillin
Key words : Clinical isolates, Antibacterial susceptibility, Scale of hospital PCG = Benzylpenicillin ABPC= Ampicillin AMPC= Amoxicillin MPIPC = Oxacillin MCIPC = Cloxacillin SBPC= Sulbenicillin PIPC=
CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Urinary excretion of mezlocillin Fig. 4 Urinary excretion of mezlocillin Fig. 3 Blood levels of mezlocillin
CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 2 Urinary excretion of mezlocillin Fig. 1 Blood levels of mezlocillin CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Urinary excretion of mezlocillin Fig. 4 Urinary excretion of mezlocillin Fig. 3 Blood levels
VOL. 23 NO. 3 CHEMOTHERAPY 1379 Table 1 Susceptibility of clinical isolated strains to Tobramycin
VOL. 23 NO. 3 CHEMOTHERAPY 1379 Table 1 Susceptibility of clinical isolated strains to Tobramycin 1380 CHEMOTHERAPY MAR. 1975 Table 2 Susceptibility of isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa to various antibiotics
ヒビスコール液A カタログ
1 2 3 2002 10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC A 1. 2. 0.2% 3. 1 A 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 1 0.2% 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 20 20 Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 30 20 Escherichia
VOL. 40 S- 1 Table 1. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to meropenem Table 2. Coagulase typing of methicillin-resistant St
CHEMOTHERAPY VOL. 40 S- 1 Table 1. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to meropenem Table 2. Coagulase typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CHEMOTHERAPY Table
Table1MIC of BAY o 9867 against standard strains
Table1MIC of BAY o 9867 against standard strains Fig.2Cumulative and Distribution Curves of MIC (S.aureus 54 strains) 106cfu/ml Fig.3Correlogram of MIC (S.aureus 54 strains) CHEMOTHERAPY 451 Fig.4Cumulative
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第 4 回ひびき臨床微生物シンポジュウム June 24,27, 港ハウス 感受性検査を読む ( 同定検査結果確認やスクリーニング検査と捉えて ) ( 株 ) キューリン小林とも子 キューリン微生物検査課 塗抹鏡検グラム染色 分離培養検査血液 BTB, エッグーヨーク 報告書作成結果承認 同定検査 VITEK TSI,LIM クリスタル NF 薬剤感受性検査 MIC2 ディスク法 薬剤感受性結果 (
日本化学療法学会雑誌第58巻第4号
Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalisstreptococcus agalactiae Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus epidermidis E. colie. faecalispseudomonas aeruginosa K. pneumoniae S. agalactiae E. coli E. coli μ p
VOL.35 S-2 CHEMOTHERAPY Table 1 Sex and age distribution Table 2 Applications of treatment with carumonam Table 3 Concentration of carumonam in human
CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 1 Chemical structure of carumonam Disodium(+)-(Z)-CCE1-(2-amino-4-thiazoly1)-2-[[(2S, -(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-oxo-1-sulfonato-3-azetidinyll -2-oxoethylidene] amino] oxy] acetate 3S)-2
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518( 30 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 58 6 Dec. 25 2003 1. * * Dec. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 58 6 519( 31 ) 9 5 2003 8 2004 7 14 565 701 258 (36.8%) 443 (63.2%) Staphylococcus aureus
Dec. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS XXXVII (45)
Dec. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS XXXVII-12 2305(45) 2306(46) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS XXXVII-12 Dec. Dec. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS XXXVII-12 2307(47) 2308(48) THE JAPANESE
THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 13 243 ( 37 ) 2007 12 2008 5 19 863 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Escherichia coli levof
242 ( 36 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 63 _ 3 prulifloxacin * ** ** CMC * ** 2010 2 22 Prulifloxacin ulifloxacin (UFX) 3 1 2003 12 2004 5 19 534 2 2005 12 2006 5 19 805 3 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF
日本化学療法学会雑誌第53巻第S-3号
moxifloxacin in vitro moxifloxacin in vitro 17 9 6 17 11 21 moxifloxacinmflx in vitro cefdinir CFDNclavulanic acidamoxicillincvaampcclarithromycincamclindamycincldm levofloxacinlvfx 1MFLX Clostridium clostridiiformeclostridium
CHEMOTHERAPY DEC phvlococcus aureus Staphylococcus Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas cepac
CHEMOTHERAPY DEC. 1988 phvlococcus aureus Staphylococcus Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia Klebsiella pneumoniae Serratia marcescens Pseudomonas cepacia 1 Bacteroides bivius Propionibacterium granulosum
VOL.42 S-1
CHEMOTHERAPY APR. 1994 VOL.42 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY APR. 1994 Table 1. Criteria for evaluation of clinical efficacy by the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgeons Grades of symptoms and numerical
180 ( 64 ) THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS June 2011 A b group A Streptococcus: GAS GAS 10 meta-analysis 1) 2,3) GAS potential pathogens Tab
June 2011 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 64 23 179 ( 63 ) A b cefditoren pivoxil 5 amoxicillin 10 1,2) 1,3) 1) 1) 1) 4) 5) 6) 7) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 2011 4 8 2007 5 2009 4 A b GAS cefditoren pivoxil
４月号 学会特集号 １２２２４７／１６）一般演題目次
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 48 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 49 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
MIC MIC...
50 mg 10% 2.7.36 2.7.36 2.7.36... 1 1.6... 1 2.6... 3 3.6... 5 3.16... 5 3.26... 12 3.36... 16 4.6... 17 5.6... 19 6.6... 20 2.7.3.3.16-1 MIC... 9 2.7.3.3.16-2 MIC... 10 2.7.3.3.16-3 MIC E. coli... 11
Feb THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS Tebipenem pivoxil 1 1, Meiji Seika 2 Meiji Seika G 3 Meiji Seika Tebipen
Feb. 2016 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 69 1 53 53 Tebipenem pivoxil 1 1, 3 2 2 1 1 Meiji Seika 2 Meiji Seika G 3 Meiji Seika 2015 12 15 Tebipenem pivoxil 10% 2010 4 2013 3 3,547 3,540 3,540 3,331
CHEMOTHERAPY APR Fig. 1 Chemical structure of cefotetan (CTT, YM09330)
CHEMOTHERAPY APR. 1982 Fig. 1 Chemical structure of cefotetan (CTT, YM09330) VOL.30 S-1 CHEMOTHERAPY Fig. 2 Comparison of standard curves of CTT on various test organisms by cylinder plate method Column
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VOL. 17 NO. 7 CHEMOTHERAPY 1305 1) W. BRumFirr et al. : Clinical and laboratory studies with carbenicillin. Lancet 1: 1289~ 1293, 1967 2) E. T. KNUDSEN et al. : A new semisynthetic penicillin active against
CHEMOTHERAPY MAY 1988
VOL. 36 NO. 5 Table 1. Subjects studied B. W. Body weight B. H. Body height Abbreviations Ccr Endogenous creatinine clearance PSP Phenolsulfonphthalein test for 15 min BUN Blood urea nitrogen Scr Serum
Key words : R-plasmid, Urinary tract infection, E. coli Fig. 1. MIC distribution against E. coli isolated from urinary tract (366 strains) and isolation - frequencies of drug-resistant strains Table 1.
HPM_442_F_TgCHG_1128
3M TM Chlorhexidine Gluconate IV Securement Dressings Tegaderm TM CHG Support CRBSI Prevention TegadermTM CHG Dressing 2w/w% 60% N. Safdar, Intensive Care Med 2004 30 62-7 Guideline Centers for Disease
VOL.30 NO.10 CHEMOTHERAPY 1123 Fig,1 Group B case 6 hepatolithiasis,e.k.66 y.0.,f.45kg Postoperative wound infection Fig.2 Group B case 15 gastric cancer,k.k.60 y.o.,m. Postoperative peritonitis Fig.3
2 2 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 69 1 Feb Neisseria gonorrhoeae ceftriaxone CTRX % 2010 CTRX 20 FQ staphylococci, E. faecium, N.
Feb. 2016 THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 69 1 1 1 2013 69 11,762 2015 11 16 1994 2013 69 19 11,762 FQ 33 Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae
CHEMOTHERAPY APRIL 1992 Table 2. Concentration of meropenem in human prostatic fluid Table 1. Background of 21 chronic complicated UTI cases * NB + BPH, NB + Kidney tumor, NB + Kidney tuberculosis Table
Fig.1 MICs of penicillins against 24 strains of B. pertussis Fig.2 MICs of cepherns against 24 strains of B. pertussis Fig.3 MICs of macrolides against 24 strains of B. pertussis Fig.4 MICs of nalidixic