Jap. J. Crim. Psychol. 53(2): (2016)

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1 Jap. J. Crim. Psychol., Vol. 53, No. 2 (2016) Unrealistic expectations of abusive parents on abused children: A discrepancy between social competency rated by parents and childs psychometric intelligence Kohske Ogata S-M (S-M) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition (WISC-IV) S-M (n35) S-M (n20) S-M (n59) S-M (n18) (SQ) Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Δ Δ(SQIQ) (F[3, 126.3]4.54, p0.005) Δ(SQIQ) (Osaka Prefectural Government Kishiwada Child-Family Center) 17

2 , (unrealistic expectations) Steele & Pollock (1968) 41 Vineland Social Maturity Scale Twentyman & Plotkin (1982) Azar, Robinson, Hekimian, & Twentyman (1984) Azar & Rohrbeck (1986) Rickard, Graziano, & Forehand (1984) S-M (S-M) S-M 18

3 S-M 1980 S-M S-M S-M S-M SQ 1980 SQ (1) SQTrCge (1) Tr Cg e e 0 (1) Tr SQ S-M Carpentieri & Morgan, 1996Disibio, 1993 Freeman, DelHomme, Guthrie, & Zhang, 1999 Hayes & Farnill, 2003Moss & Hogg, 1997 IQ IQ SQ (2) SQ IQtrCge (2) Cg IQtr IQ e (1) (2) 1 19

4 53 2 SQ IQ SQ IQ SQ IQ SQIQ Δ Δ SQ IQ Δ X S-M WISC-IV (Briere & Runtz, 1990Kinard, 1994 Lau, Leeb, English, Graham, Briggs, Brody, & Marshall, 2005) S-M (Maltreated rated by ParentsMal-Pr) (Maltreated rated by CareworkersMal-Cw) (Nonmaltreated rated by ParentsNon-Pr) (Nonmaltreated rated by CareworkersNon-Cw) 2 X (M130.2, SD34.3)4 Table 1 4 (χ 2 [3]17.5, p0.001)mal-cw (F[3, 128]4.0, p0.009)mal-pr Non-Pr 20

5 Mal-Pr a (n35) Table 1 Mal-Cw b (n20) Non-Pr c (n59) Non-Cw d (n18) n N n n χ ** M SD M SD M SD M SD F *** ac WISC-IV IQ S-M SQ ** a, bc * a, bc * ab, c * a, bc * ac *** a, bc *p0.05, **p0.01, ***p0.001 S-MS-M Vineland Social Maturity Scale Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984) (Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla, 2005) S-M S-M 6 SQ S-M ,538 α WISC-IV WISC-IV IQ (Full-scale IQFSIQ) Wechsler, 2003 WISC-IV 2010 SQ IQ SQ IQ Δ SQ IQ S-M WISC-IV (Table 2)35 Bonferroni p 3 SQ 21

6 53 2 Table 2S-M WISC-IV IQ SQ.54***.50***.39***.43***.34**.40***.37***.26.33**.31**.34**.38***.21.29*.16.43***.35**.41***.29*.28*.56***.53***.41***.47***.32**.47***.50***.36**.30*.29*.44***.38***.30*.38***.33* *p0.05, **p0.01, ***p0.001 Figure 1*p0.05, Cohens d Hedgesg FSIQ r0.54 r0.66 SQ IQ Δ(SQFSIQ) 4 (Table 1) SQ SQ (F[3, 124] 0.2, p0.93) (F[1, 127]3.1, p0.08) (F[3, 128]4.2, p0.01) Δ (3) (4) 22

7 Δ(SQFSIQ)β 0 (β 1 μ 1 )χ 1 β 2 χ 2 e (3) Δ(SQFSIQ)β 0 μ 1 χ 1 β 2 χ 2 e (4) β 0 β 1 μ 1 χ 1 β 2 χ 2 e (3) (4) (1) (2) 2 (3)(AIC 1,077.8, AICC1,077.9, CAIC1,085.5, BIC 1,083.5) (4) (AIC1,075.4, AICC1,075.5, CAIC1,083.1, BIC1,081.1) (4) (F[3, 126.3]4.5, p0.005)bonferroni Non-Pr Mal-Pr Δ(SQFSIQ) (Figure 1) Δ(SQFSIQ) Non-Pr Non-Cw Mal-Pr 4 Mal-Pr Δ(SQFSIQ) Mal-Cw (p1.00) Non-Cw (p0.07)non-pr (p0.02) Δ (d0.30, g0.28) Figure 1 Δ 10 5 Δ SQ IQ IQ 2012 Table 1 4 WISC-IV FSIQ Figure 1 SQ IQ 2012 SQ Δ Δ Twentyman & Plotkin (1982) (cognitive 23

8 53 2 biases) 1970 Tversky & Kahneman (1974) (Festinger, 1962) (Jones & Harris, 1967) (Wilke & Mata, 2012) 3 30 Larrance & Twentyman (1983) (1996) Sanders, Pidgeon, Gravestock, Connors, Brown, & Young (2004) 24

9 1980 S-M WISC- IV 2010 Wechsler S-M 2015 Twentyman & Plotkin (1982) S-M SQ IQ (Yamamoto & Holloway, 2010) Twentyman & Plotkin (1982) Sturge-Apple, Suor, & Skibo (2014) S-M 2006 (Hundert, Morrison, Mahoney, Mundy, & Vernon, 1997Szatmari, Archer, Fisman, & Streiner, 1994) (Voelker, Shore, HakimLarson, & Bruner, 1997)Figure 1 (2) (2) SQ IQ SQ IQ Azar, S. T., Robinson, D. R., Hekimian, E., & Twentyman, C. T Unrealistic expectations and problem-solving ability in maltreating and comparison mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, Azar, S. T., & Rohrbeck, C. A Child abuse and 25

10 53 2 unrealistic expectations: Further validation of the Parent Opinion Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, Briere, J., & Runtz, M Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, Carpentieri, S., & Morgan, S. B Adaptive and intellectual functioning in autistic and nonautistic retarded children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, Disibio, M Conjoint effects of intelligence and adaptive-behavior on achivement in a nonreferred sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 11, Festinger, L Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207, Freeman, B. J., DelHomme, M., Guthrie, D., & Zhang, F Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores as a function of age and initial IQ in 210 autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, Hayes, S., & Farnill, D Correlations for the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales with Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test in a forensic sample. Psychological Reports, 92, Hundert, J., Morrison, L., Mahoney, W., Mundy, F., & Vernon, M. L Parent and teacher assessments of the developmental status of children with severe, mild/moderate, or no developmental disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 17, Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 124. Kinard, E. M Methodological issues and practical problems in conducting research on maltreated children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, index.html Larrance, D. T., & Twentyman, C. T Maternal attributions and child abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, Lau, A. S., Leeb, R. T., English, D., Graham, J. C., Briggs, E. C., Brody, K. E., & Marshall, J. M Whats in a name? A comparison of methods for classifying predominant type of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, S-M Moss, S., & Hogg, J Estimating IQ from adaptive behavior information in people with moderate or severe intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, muromin.mnw.jp/murominn-web/back/2013/03/ 06/ m_01.html , Rickard, K. M., Graziano, W., & Forehand, R Parental expectations and childhood deviance in clinic-referred and non-clinic children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 13, Sanders, M. R., Pidgeon, A. M., Gravestock, F., Connors, M. D., Brown, S., & Young, R. W Does parental attributional retraining and anger management enhance the effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program with parents at risk of child maltreatment? Behavior Therapy, 35, Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D., & Cicchetti, D. V Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Survey ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Second Edition (Vineland II), Survey Interview Form/Caregiver Rating Form. Livonia, MN: Pearson Assessments /26/kiji/K html jp/topics/ oht1t50273.html Steele, B. F., & Pollock, C. B A psychiatric study of parents who abuse infants and small children. In 26

11 R. Heifer & C. H. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp Sturge-Apple, M. L., Suor, J. H., & Skibo, M. A Maternal child-centered attributions and harsh discipline: The moderating role of maternal working memory across socioeconomic contexts. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, Szatmari, P., Archer, L., Fisman, S., & Streiner, D. L Parent and teacher agreement in the assessment of pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, , Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, Twentyman, C. T., & Plotkin, R. C Unrealistic expectations of parents who maltreat their children: An educational deficit that pertains to child development. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, Voelker, S., Shore, D., HakimLarson, J., & Bruner, D Discrepancies in parent and teacher ratings of adaptive behavior of children with multiple disabilities. Mental Retardation, 35, Wechsler, D Technical and Interpretive Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition. NCS Pearson, Inc., U.S.A. WISC- IV 2010 WISC-IV Wilke, A., & Mata, R Cognitive Bias. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 1, Academic Press, pp Yamamoto, Y., & Holloway, S. D Parental expectations and childrens academic performance in sociocultural context. Educational Psychology Review, 22, Abstract There have been researches regarding unrealistic expectations of abusive parents on abused children. Data in child guidance centers were collected and were classified into four groups: (1) maltreated children rated by their abusive parents (Mal-Pr), (2) maltreated children rated by careworkers (Mal-Cw), (3) non-maltreated comparisons rated by their parents (Non-Pr), and (4) non-maltreated comparisons rated by careworkers (Non-Cw). Both the Social Maturity scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition had been administered. A discrepancy between the social quotient and intelligence quotient was defined operationally as an unrealistic expectation of raters. Linear mixed model was applied to analyze a group difference with age factor set as a random effect and thus showed that the discrepancy of the Mal-Pr group was higher than that of the Non-Pr group significantly, F[3, 126.3]4.54, p Cognitive biases were discussed as possible factors to occur the unrealistic expectation in abusive parents. The author concludes that the findings that revealed the presence of the unrealistic expectation suggest an effective clue for support and train the abusive parents in child guidance centers. Key words:child guidance centers, child abuse, linear mixed model, unrealistic expectations, cognitive biases, social competency

Jap. J. Crim. Psychol. 51(1): 1-11 (2013)

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