2 Effects of the exposure time of stimulus, the level of anxiety, and the serial position on the attentional bias to the threat-related information SA

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1 2 Effects of the exposure time of stimulus, the level of anxiety, and the serial position on the attentional bias to the threat-related information SAKAMOTO, Masahiro Previous research has established that clinical anxious and non-clinical anxious people demonstrate impaired performance on the experimental task when a visual threat-related stimulus was presented as a distractor. This phenomenon has been called "attentional bias" to the threat-related information. In the present study, presentation time of visual stimuli as a distractor were manipulated within the limits of more than a threshold, and the effect of the time on occurence of an attentional bias was examined. Also, all subjects were assigned to either high anxiety group or low anxiety group with the level of trait and state anxiety separetedly, and the effect of the level of anxiety on occurence of an attentional bias was examined. Furthermore, ups and downs of an attentional bias by serial position reported by Sakamoto (2000) were also considered. The result of the present study demonstrated that an attentional bias occurred only when the destractor was presented for short time to high anxious subjects (this effect was clearer in high state anxious participants than in those of high trait anxious). Moreover, the effect of attentional bias was risen and fallen greatly by the serial position. In the present study, however, the number of subjects was not sufficient and it was difficult to secure sufficient high accuracy about the presentation time of a stimulus because of qualification of an apparatus. It is necessary to reexamine the effects under more strict conditions.

2 attentional bias e.g., vs. e.g., Mogg, Mathews, & Weinman, 1989; Watts, McKenna, Sharrock, & Trezise, 1986; Ehlers, Margraf, Davies, & Roth, 1988; McNally, Riemann, & Kim, 1990; Hope, Rapee, Heimberd, & Dombeck, 1990; McNally, Kaspi, Riemann, & Zeitlin, 1990; Cassiday, McNally, & Zeitlin, 1992; Foa, Feske, Murdock, Kozak, & McCarthy, 1991; Martin, Williams, & Clark, 1991; MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986 e.g., MacLeod & Mathews, 1998; Mogg, Mathews, Bird, & Macgregor-Morris, 1990b; Richards, & Millwood, 1989, Mogg & Marden, 1990 e.g., Martin et al., 1991Mathews & MacLeod 1985Mogg et al. 1990, Experiment 1 Mogg et al., 1990, Experiment 2 MacLeod & Mathews, 1998 MacLeod & Rutherford automatic process conscious process

3 MacLeod & Rutherford P.45 two process theory; Posner & Snyder, Neely 1977 stimulus onset asynchrony SOA SOA 1. i.e. SOA i.e. SOA

4 , Appendix Table 1 Table 1 Mean threat ratings of the words presented in the experiment. Neutral words Threatening words Words M SD Words M SD NEC PC- 9821Xa ms ms79msFigure 1

5 Figure 1. Duration which redrawn a stimulus on a display screen in 100 trials. 156ms 56ms SD NEC PC-9821Xa20 15 CRTNEC PC-KM153R2 VGA 640-by-480 pixels 39cm 10 STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY

6 INVENTORY, ms256ms ms256ms ms ms STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY HA LA r = HA49 LAMdn = 49HA55.67LA t 29 = 6.43, p <.001 HAST5LT10 LAST6LT10 44 HA 43 LAMdn = 43HA50.13LA t 22 = 5.97, p <.001HA ST5LT10 LA ST6LT10 Figure 2

7 Figure 2. Mean reaction latencies in milliseconds. HA = high trait anxiety; LA = low trait anxiety;st = short time exposure; LT = long time exposure; N (in parentheses) = neutral stimuli; T (inparentheses) = threatening stimuli. The value of each block is the median of 20 trials. Figure 3 F 4, 108 = 14.99, p <.001 F 4, 108 = 3.41, p <.03 F 4, 108 = 3.27, p <.03F 4, 108 = 4.18, p <.005 F 4, 108 = 14.97, p <.001

8 Figure 3. Mean reaction latencies in milliseconds. HA = high state anxiety; LA = low state anxiety;st = short time exposure; LT = long time exposure; N (in parentheses) = neutral stimuli; T (inparentheses) = threatening stimuli. The value of each block is the median of 20 trials. F 4, 108 = 4.55, p <.005 F 4, 108 = 3.24, p <.03 F 1, 27 = 4.93, p <.05 F 4, 108 = 3.01, p <.03 Figure 4 Figure 5

9 Figure 4. Mean attentional bias scores. HA = high trait anxiety; LA = low trait anxiety; ST = short time exposure; LT = long time exposure. The value of each block is the median of 20 trials. F 4, 108 = 3.27, p <.03 F 4, 108 = 3.24, p <.03 F 1, 27 = 4.93, p <.05

10 Figure 5. Mean attentional bias scores. HA = high state anxiety; LA = low state anxiety; ST = short time exposure; LT = long time exposure. The value of each block is the median of 20 trials. Figure 2 5

11 HA LTST F 1, 54 = 4.48, p <.05HAST F 1, 27 = 7.45, p <.03 ST4 LAHA F 1, 135 = 5.48, p <.03ST5 F 1, 135 = 4.50, p <.05 HA 4 LTSTF 1, 135 = 6.81, p <.03HA 4F 1, 135 = 5.21, p <.03 HA ST F 4, 108 = 2.51, p <.05 ; HA LT F 4, 108 = 4.01, p <.005 ; LA ST F 4, 108 = 10.82, p <.001 ; LA LT F 4, 108 = 5.59, p <.001 Ryan HA LT LA ST LA LT 15 MSe = , p <.05HA ST Table 2 Mean reaction latencies in each group. Blocks n HA-ST a a a a a HA-LT a b b b b LA-ST a a b b b LA-LT a b bc bc c Note. Means in the same line that do not share subscripts differ at p <.05. HA = high state anxiety; LA = low state anxiety; ST = short time exposure; LT = long time exposure.

12 Table 2 Ryan 2124 MSe = , p <.05 ST LAHA F 1, 27 = 5.10, p <.05 LTHA LTST F 1, 27 = 4.23, p <.05 LA ms 250ms SOA disengage SOA 2 e.g., Martin et al., 1991; Mogg et al., 1990, Experiment 2

13 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970 Generalized Anxiety Disorder: GAD 3,

14 Appendix. Words used in the preliminary survey. Threatening words Neutral words Cassiday, K. L., McNally, R. J., & Zeitlin, S. B Cognitive processing of trauma cues in rape victims with post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research,, Ehlers, A., Margraf, J., Davies, S., & Roth, W. T Selective processing of threat cues in subjects with panic attacks. Cognition and Emotion,, Foa, E. B., Feske, U., Murdock, T. B., Kozak, M. J., & McCarthy, P. R Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,, Hope, D. A., Rapee, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Dombeck, M. J Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research,, : 21 MacLeod, C. & Mathews, A Anxiety and allocation of attention to threat. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,,

15 MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,, MacLeod, C. & Rutherford, E. M Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: Mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimulus materials. Behaviour Research and Therapy,, Martin, M., Williams, R. M., & Clark, D Does anxiety lead to selective processing of threat-related information? Behaviour Research and Therapy,, Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behaviour Research and Therapy,, McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., & Zeitlin, S. B Selective processing of threat cues in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,, McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C, & Kim, E Selective processing of threat cues in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy,, Mogg, K. & Marden, B Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,, Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Macgregor-Morris, R Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Weinman, J Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states: A replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy,, Neely, J. H Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,, Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso Ed. Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. Pp Richards, A. & Millwood, B Colour-identification of differentially valenced words in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion,, , ,, STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY,, Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E Manual for State-Trait Anxiety

16 Inventory Self-Evaluation Questionnaire. Palo, Alto, Carifornia: Consulting Psychologist Press. 1999,, Watts, F. N., McKenna, F. P., Sharrock, R., & Trezise, L Color naming of phobia-related words. British Journal of Psychology,, Hz 70Hz 14ms

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Interpretation bias of nonverbal information in the interpersonal situation Kana Takashima*, Makoto Iwanaga**, Hidetoshi Seiwa** * Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima