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1 -Goldstone ( )
2 様々な物理状態 自発的対称性の破れ 並進対称性 U(1)ゲージ対称性 並進対称性 CC by-sa Didier Descouens ガリレイ対称性 CC by-sa Mai-Linh Doan 並進対称性 スピン対称性 CC by-sa Roger McLassus カイラル対称性 CC by-sa Aney CC by-sa Elijah van der Giessen 多くの場合波をともなう SU(2)xU(1) ゲージ対称性
3 ,,,, U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3)
4 Noether 1915 U(1)
5 , CP,...,...
6 Bloch T 3/2 Debye T 3, r , from Kittel and Kroemer (1980) o (T/T c )3/2 Holtzberg, McGuire, M'ethfessel, Suits, J. Appl. Phys. 35,1033 (1964) QCD (Nf=2) h qqi T 1 : =1 + : C V = 2 h qqi T 3 + T 2 f 2
7 ) Goldberger-Treiman relation g NN =2m N g A /f g NN A µ 5 vertex
8 Gapless Nambu( 60), Goldstone(61), Nambu, Jona-Lasinio( 61), = -Goldstone ) QCD! = ± p k 2 + m 2 ( )! = ±v k He4
9 ( )! = ±v 0 k 2 ( )! = ±v k
10 ! = ±v k 3/2 q! = ± akz 2 + bk? 4 &'&) &'& &'!) &!'()!'(!'"!'&!!!'& "! #! $! %! (smectic-a ) s k 2! = ±? (ak2 z + bk? 4 ) k? 2 + k2 z
11 : (1900~) Magnetic domain Weiss (1907) Ising Lenz (1920) Ising (1925) Heisenberg Bloch Heisenberg (1928) Bloch (1930) -Goldstone Onnes (1911) BCS, Goldstone ( ) Brout-Englert-Higgs Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer ( 57) Nambu( 60), Goldstone (61), Nambu, Jona-Lasinio ( 61), Goldstone, Salam, Weinberg ( 62). Anderson( 62), Brout, Englert ( 64), Higgs ( 64), Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble ( 64), Migdal, Polyakov ( 65)
12
13 Qa : : = h[iq a, i(x)]i tr [iq a, i(x)] 6= 0 Φi = ih exp( (H µn)) tr exp( (H µn)) well-defined [iq a, ] =0 h[iq a, i(x)]i =tr [iq a, i(x)] =tr[,iq a ] i(x) =0 cyclic property ill-defined
14 F [ ] F [ ]
15 a
16 = -Goldstone(NG) Nambu( 60), Goldstone(61), Nambu, Jona-Lasinio( 61), ( ) ( )
17 -Goldstone Goldstone, Salam, Weinberg( 62) Lorentz =NG
18 -Goldstone Lorentz. k =0 k 2 =0 :. NG :
19 NG hs z (n)i = m ( )! = ±v 0 k 2 cf. hs z (n)i =( 1) n m 2 NG! = ±v k
20 NG Nielsen - Chadha( 76) N type-i +2N type-ii N BS Type-I:! / k 2n+1 Type-II:! / k 2n Schafer, Son, Stephanov, Toublan, and Verbaarschot ( 01) h[iq N NG = N a,q b ]i =0 BS Nambu ( 04) h[iq a,q b ]i6=0 (Q a,q b ) Watanabe - Brauner ( 11) N BS N NG apple 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i
21 Watanabe, Murayama ( 12) YH ( 12) N BS N NG = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i N type-i +2N type-ii = N BS N type-ii = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i
22 Watanabe, Murayama ( 12) YH ( 12) N BS N NG = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i N type-a +2N type-b = N BS N type-b = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i
23 2 Type-A Type-B
24 Type-A, Type-B z x, y 2
25 Type-A, Type-B! p g
26 Type-A, Type-B 1! g {L x,l y } P = L z 6=0
27 2 Type-A Type-B! p g! g
28 Watanabe, Murayama ( 12), YH ( 12) NG 2 : Type-A Type-B N type-a = N BS 2N type-b N BS N NG = 1 2 rankh[q a,q b ]i
29 NG ) cf. Nambu ( 04)
30 Type-A (B) Type-I (II) NG Type-A NG i k 2 Type-A = Type-I Hayata, YH (14) Type-B NG i k 4 Hayata, YH(14) Type-B = Type-II
31 Watanabe-Murayama Watanabe, Murayama ( 12) Lagrangian. L = 1 2 ab a b + ḡab 2 a b g ab i i b ab / ih[q a,j 0 b (x)]i Watanabe, Murayama ( 12)
32 + NG YH ( 12), Hayata, YH(14) Type-A:! p h ) Type-B:! h ). Nicolis, Piazza ( 12), ( 13) Watanabe, Brauner, Murayama ( 13)
33 Type-B NG N type-i 1 BS N N type-a type-ii type-b 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]inn type-a +2N BS N type-b NG Spin wave in ferromanget O(3) O(2) NG modes in Kaon condensed CFL SU(2)xSU(1) Kelvin waves in vortex translation nonrelativistic massive C U(1)x N type-a +2N type-b = N BS N BS N NG = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i
34 c ) 2+1D skyrmion, Kelvin wave [P x,p y ] / N [010] [100] x y topological number ) domain wall in nonrelativistic massive CP 1 model [P z,q] / N z U(1) topological number
35 CP1 domain wall NG [Q, P z ]=0 [Q, P z ] 6= 0 Magnon Type-A Ripplon Type-A Ripplon-Magnon Type-B
36
37 1 (3 ) (3 ) (3 )., NG 3.
38 2 : : h (x)i h[p x, ]i = i@ x h i6=0 Low - Manohar y Low, and Manohar ( 02) L z : h[l z, ]i = iy@ x h i6=0 2 NG x string h (x)i P x
39 : O(3) O(2) -A O(3) O(2)
40 Inverse Higgs Low, Manohar ( 02) Watanabe, Brauner ( 14) = e ixµ P µ e it a a (x) = i 1 d = ie it a a (d + ip µ dx µ )e it a a = P µ dx µ +[T a,ip µ dx µ + d]+ = P µ dx µ + T a (@ µ a + fµ ba b )dx µ + Hayata, YH ( 14) Inverse Higgs mechanism F [ ]
41 ) (Type-A) : N BS = N EV =2 O(3) O(2) L i (x) = ijk x j T 0k (x) i =1, 2 :! = ak 2 + ibk 2 Hosino, Nakano( 82) ( ) a =0, ) (Type-B) 1 V h[p z,n]i 6=0! k 3/2
42 : NBS= N type-b = 1 2 rankh[iq a,q b ]i N type-a = N BS N type-b N gapped = 1 2 (rankh[iq a, i]i N type-a ) Type-A (Type-I): Type-B (Type-II):! = ak ibk 2! = a 0 k 2 ib 0 k 4
43 : (Inverse Higgs )
44 . NG. ( ) : :Boost. NG. SUSY SUSY NG fermion (phonino) s talk
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