The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1991, Vol. 62, No. 1, 9-15 Response occurrence to the non-reinforced alternative through punishment in rats Toshihi
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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychology 1991, Vol. 62, No. 1, 9-15 Response occurrence to the non-reinforced alternative through punishment in rats Toshihiko Yoshino and Hiroshi Kimura (Department of Psychology, School of Letters, Waseda University, hinjuku-ku, Tokyo,62) Each of eight rats was located in the experimental chamber mounted with two levers. Lever-pressing to either of the two was maintained by a schedule of food. After that, a punishment schedule o electric shocks was added. Neither the reinforcement nor the punishment schedule was programmed on the other lever, i.e. the non-reinforced alternative. The effect of reinforcement, and the joint effect of re inforcement and punishment on responses to the non-reinforced alternative were compared. During punishment sessions, responses to the non-reinforced alternative occurred significantly more often than during reinforcement sessions. The number of responses to the non-reinforced alternative was nega tively correlated with that to the reinforced alternative during punishment sessions. Nevertheless,the occurrence of responses to the non-reinforced alternative was mainly observed during the first few ses sions in punishment schedule, or after stepping up the intensity of electric shock. These results were discussed in relation to the two theories and models of punishment. The results imply that the two theories and models of punishment are necessary to explain the effect of punishment. Key words: punishment, symmetrical law of effect, competing-response theory, matching, lever press, rats.
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3 Table 1 Number of sessions, schedules, and changeover delay (COD) condition in the reinforcement and the punishment sessions
4 Table 2 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients for the intensity of electric shock and the number of responses on the reinforced lever Notes: the level of significance by no correlated *p<.05,** p<.01,*** p<.001. Table 3 Mean number of responses per session on the reinforced and the non-reinforced lever and the results of t-test for the two sessions under the two different conditions Notes: the level of significance by * p<.05,*** p<.001.
5 Table 4 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients for the number of responses on the non reinforced lever and the ratio of suppression in the punish ment sessions Table 5 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients for the number of responses to the non-reinforced lever and to the reinforced lever in the reinforcement and in the punishment sessions, and the intensity of electric shock Notes : the level of significance by no correlated *** p<.001. Notes: the level of significance by no correlated *p<,05, **p<01, ***p<.001. Table 6 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients and the results of t-test for the number of responses on the non-reinforced lever and the number of reinforcements in the reinforcement and in the punishment sesions, and the number of punishment in the punishment sessions Notes: the level of significance by no correlated *p<,05, ***p<,001.
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7 Allen, C. M On the exponent in the "gener alized" matching equation. Journal of the Experi mental Analysis of Behavior, 35, Azrin, N. H., & Holz, W. C Punishment. In W. K. Honig (Ed.), Operant behavior: Areas of re search and application. New York: Appleton-Cen tury-crofts. Pp Baum, W; M On two types of deviation from the matching law: Bias and undermatching.,jour nal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 22, Bolles, R. C Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review, 77, Brethower, D. M., & Reynolds, G. S A facili tative effect of punishment on unpunished behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, Davison, M., & McCarthy, D The matching law. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. Deluty, M.. Z Choice and the rate of punish ment in concurrent schedules. Journal of the Ex perimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, Deluty, M. Z Maximizing, minimizing, and matching between reinforcing and punishment situ ations. In M. L,. Commons, R. J. Herrnstein & H. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative analysis of accounts. Vol. IL Cambridge, MA.: Ballinger. Pp Deulty, M. Z., & Church, R. M Time-alloca tion matching between punishing situations. Jour nal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, de Villiers, P. A Choice in concurrent sched ules and a quantitative formulation of the law of effect. In W.K. Honig & J.E.R.. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp de Villiers, P. A Toward a quantitative theory of punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analy sis of Behavior, 33, de Villiers, P. A Toward a quantitative theory of punishment. In M. L. Commons, R. J. Herrn stein & H. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative analysis of accounts. Vol. II. Cambridge, M. A.: Ballinger. Pp Dinsmoor, J. A Punishment I: The avoidance hypothesis. Psychological Review, 61, Dinsmoor, J. A Escape, avoidance, punish ment: Where do we stand? Journal of the Experi mental Analysis of Behavior, 24, Fantino, E., & Logan, F. A The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Farley, J Reinforcement and punishment ef fects in concurrent schedules: A test of two models.,journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 33, Farley, J., & Fantino, E The symmetrical law of effect and the matching relation in choice behav ior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behav ior, 29, Flesher, M., & Hoffman, H. S A progression for generating variable-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, Herrnstein, R. J Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analy sis of Behavior, 4, Henrrstein, R. J On the law of effect. Jour nal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 13, Herrnstein, R. J Formal properties of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analy sis of Behavior, 21, Mackintosh, N. J Appetitive and aversive reinforcement. In N. J. Mackintosh (Ed.), Condi tioning and associative learning. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp Prelec, D The assumptions underlying the generalized matching law. Journal of the Experi mental Analysis of Behavior, 41, Rachlin, H., & Herrnstein, R. J Hedonism revisited: On the negative law of effect. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. Pp
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2014 25 1 1 11 1 3,085 100 1 1988 e.g., 2000 3 e.g., 2005; 1999 100 1960 100 2012 2 6 23 1 98.2 1999 1999 3 65.3 1999 1996 1 21 e.g., 1999 3 1 2 251 Barrera, 1986; 1993 1 2 2001 3 2001 Barrera, 1981 1993
Fig. 1 Clinical findings and extent of inflammation area in female urethrocystitis Fig. 2 Classification and distribution of female patients with blad
Key words: Female with bladder irritability, Subjective symptoms, Pyuria, Bacteriuria Fig. 1 Clinical findings and extent of inflammation area in female urethrocystitis Fig. 2 Classification and distribution
pp 427 438 2006 Dimensional Change Card Sort ****** ** 2005 9 30 2004 8 2002 4 Zelazo, P. D., Carter, A., Reznick, J. S. & Frye, D. 1997 10 2003 Zelaz
Title 幼 児 の 実 行 機 能 の 発 達 過 程 : Dimensional Change C を 用 いたルールの 理 解 とその 使 用 に 関 する 検 討 Author(s) 浮 穴, 寿 香 ; 橋 本, 創 一 ; 出 口, 利 定 Citation 東 京 学 芸 大 学 紀 要. 総 合 教 育 科 学 系, 57: 427-438 Issue Date 2006-02-00