Law and Economics Review vol.4,no.1(february 2009) 1998

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1 Law and Economics Review vol.4,no.1(february 2009) 1998

2 1 500 No Foreign Investment and National Security Act of effective 1986 CFIUS CFIUS web pageupdate

6 (2006)

7 Difference in differences ,

9 (2004) (2006)

10 , , Differenceindifferences Differencein differences ()4( ) () ijt α α () i α () t α () it α jt ε ijt 17 difference in differenceswooldridge α α α α α 19 ε

11 α ( )

12 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (7.9602) (2.1280) α ( ) (8.8588) ( ) ( ) (4.8172) (2.8965) α *** *** (2003) *** ** (2004) (2005) (2006) (2003) *** *** (2004) * * (2005) ** (2006) () ( () () ******1510 Hausman

13 41 24 α α *** *** (2003) * (2004) (2005) (2006) (2003) *** *** (2004) *** (2005) (2006) () *** () () () ******1510 Hausman α 1α (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) (2003) (2004) (2005) (2006) ******1510 Hausman *** *** *** * * *** ** *** * **

14 62 1 α α *** *** (2003) * * (2004) (2005) (2006) (2003) *** *** (2004) *** (2005) *** (2006) () () () ****** (2005) (2005) () ( () () ******1510 Hausman 83 α α *** *** Hausman

15 (2005) (2005) () () () () 83 ******1510 Hausman Difference in differences *** *** ** ( 6) ( (2006)) 28 (2004)

16 Jeffrey M. Wooldridge (2001) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, MIT Press

17 Economic Analysis about the Revision of the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act in 1998 About the Farmer's Personal Proliferation of Seed and Seedling Takashi Nozu Assistant Director Agricultural Production Support Planning Division, Agricultural Production Bureau Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Abstract The effects of breeder's right have come to reach the farmer's private proliferation of some kinds of plant after the revision of the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act in This thesis shows by the measurement analysis using the panel data that the registration of the breeder's right of these plants by foreign companies has increased by the law revision although the registration by Japanese companies has not changed. Keywords: Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act, Breeder s Right, Farmer's Personal Proliferation of Seed and Seedling

18 * Levitt (1998) (2006) Evans (1977) (1993a,1993b,1994) (1998) (2003) (2000)Levitt (1997) Donohue and Levitt (2001) (2005b) ( 1957) (2006) (2005)

19 (119) 3,300 5,500 (119) 3,300 5,500 (120) (1202) 1,100 3,300 (1202) 3,300 (121) (1212) 1,100 ()(122) (2004) (2006) (2005) (2006) (2005b) (2005b) (2006) 5 Cooter and Ulen (2008) (2007) (2005a) (1998)

20 6 3-1X* 7 X 2 X X* (2005a) (2006) (2005) (2006) (2006) 3-2X 1 X Becker (1968) (1998) ln(/ it )=β 1 +Θ 1 it +X 1it γ 1 +δ 1i +ε 1it...(a) ln(/ it )=β 2 +Θ 2 it +X 2it γ 2 +δ 2i +ε 2it...(b) ln(/ it )=β 3 +Θ 3 it +X 3it γ 3 +δ 3i +ε 3it...(c)

21 β 1 ~β 3,Θ 1 ~Θ 3,γ 1 ~γ 3 : X 1 ~X 3 : δ 1 ~δ 3 :(unobserved effect) ε 1 ~ε 3 :(idiosyncratic error) i: t: i. ln(/10) ii. ln(/10);ln(/10) (2006) (2007) (2005) i. 013 ii. Iln() (2005b) (2005b) ( 1955) ,868 88,252 93,955 95,699 93,752 89,016 80,848 85,969 91,287 92,765 91,074 86, % 97.4% 97.2% 97.0% 97.1% 97.0%

22 (a)(b) 100% % iii. IIln() iv. IIIln(/10) p q q/(p+q)% 96.0% 95.0% 92.2% 97.9% 96.5% 97.0% (a)(b) v. IV ([])/([km 2 ]) = =0700 = vi. V

23 / / Mean StdDev Min 25% Med 75% Max / / / / / / (a)0 Tobit Model unobserved effect δ 1i δ 3i (b)(c)hausman (a)4-2(b)(c) (a)ln(/) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 0.078* * (0.044) (0.047) (0.043) (0.048) (0.062) (0.065) * (0.096) (0.101) (0.104) 0.331** 0.348** * 0.283* 0.311* (0.163) (0.168) (0.162) (0.162) (0.166) (0.165) / 0.461** 0.440** 0.335* (0.200) (0.204) (0.195) (0.206) (0.195) (0.204) no no yes yes yes yes * no no no no yes yes Observations Waldχ *** 13.02** 20.46*** 23.66*** 33.41*** 36.27*** Log Likelihood ***,**,*1%,5%,10%() 4-3 (b)ln(/) (c)ln(/) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) *** *** * *** *** * (0.028) (0.025) (0.035) (0.033) (0.029) (0.040) 0.192*** 0.290*** 0.284*** *** *** *** (0.057) (0.054) (0.056) (0.066) (0.062) (0.064) 0.210* (0.127) (0.113) (0.122) (0.148) (0.130) (0.141) / (0.188) (0.161) (0.163) (0.220) (0.186) (0.189) no yes yes no yes yes no no yes no no yes Observations Waldχ *** *** *** *** *** *** R Hausman i. (2)(4)(6)

24 1% 10% 2004 ii. (b) (c) iii. (3) 5%10%(b) (c) iv. (1)(3)5%10% i. ln(/10) 10 ii. ln() 20 (2004) Mean StdDev Min 25% Med 75% Max / / Wooldridge (2006) (2003) 21 (2004)

25 4-5 (b)ln(/) (c)ln(/) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) *** *** * *** *** * (0.028) (0.025) (0.035) (0.033) (0.029) (0.040) 0.193*** 0.292*** 0.285*** *** *** *** (0.057) (0.054) (0.056) (0.066) (0.062) (0.064) 0.211* (0.127) (0.113) (0.122) (0.148) (0.130) (0.141) / (0.192) (0.164) (0.166) (0.224) (0.189) (0.192) no yes yes no yes yes no no yes no no yes Obsevations Waldχ *** *** *** *** *** *** R st stage Waldχ *** 9560*** 10936*** 7747*** 9598*** 10897*** 4-2Hausman 1% 10% (2007) (2007) % 87.1% 89.3% 88.8% 89.8% 88.8% 25 (2007) 26 (2005b) % 51.1% 50.3% 50.3% 54.6% 59.9% 15.7% 17.0% 19.4% 22.6% 24.9% 27.1% , , , , , , , , , , , ,609 1,099,716 1,083, , , , , , , , , , , ,823,

26 (2006) 31 (2006) 163,553,597 (2004) ( 1974) (2006) (1988)

27 . A A ( 1955) ( 1957) ( 1974) BIGLOBENHK (2006)46-1, (2000) 40, (2005a),3. (2005b),3. (1998),4. (2007),11. (2006),5. (2007)

28 (2006) 78-4, (2006)46-1, (2007)ACCS2006. (1988) (2005),4. (2006) (1998) 23, (2003) 45-7, (1993a) 99-78, (1993b) , (1994) , (2004) 29, (2006)46-1, (2003) 18keikaku.pdf. (2007). (2006),5. (2004) go.jp/chosakuken/singikai/pdf/singi_houkokusho_1601.pdf. (2006)IP i_houkokusho_1808.pdf. (2007)4http://www. mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/bunka/gijiroku/013/ htm. (2004)15 13, (2005)57-4, (2005)1189, (2006) 46-1, Becker, Gary S. (1968) Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach, The Journal of Political Economy 76-2, Cooter, Robert and Thomas Ulen (2008) Law & Economics, 5 th ed., Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Education. Evans, Robert Jr. (1977) Changing Labor Markets and Criminal Behavior in Japan, The Journal of Asian Studies 36-3, Donohue III, John J. and Steven D. Levitt (2001) The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116-2, Levitt, Steven D. (1997) Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime, The American Economic Review 87-3, Levitt, Steven D. (1998) Juvenile Crime and Punishment, The Journal of Political Economy 106-6, Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. (2006) Introductory Econometrics, 3 rd ed., Mason, Ohio: Thomson South- Western

29 Empirical reserch on effects of raising statutory penalty for copyright crimes -Compared to robbery- Atsushi Ushiyama The Legislative Bureau of The House of Representatives Abstact In this paper, we analyse the effects of raising statutory penalty for copyright crime and robbery in 2004, using prefectural panel data from 2001 to We find that increase of statutory penalty did not reduce copyright criminal, while reduced robbery criminal. Key words: statutory penalty, crime, copyright, robbery

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untitled Barro Regression Does social capital improve regional economic growth? - Investigation using prefectural cross-sectional data in Japan - Abstract The purpose of this research is to empirically examine