Key words: Vibrio vulnificus, sea water, sediment, fish and shellfish, serotype
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1 Key words: Vibrio vulnificus, sea water, sediment, fish and shellfish, serotype
2 Table 1 Detection of V. vulnificus from sea water and sediment along the coastal area of Shimane Prefecture Fig. 1 Locations of 30 sampling sites along the coast of Shimane Prefecture and residence of the first patient infected with V. vulnificus.
3 Table 2 Detection of V. vulnificus from fish and shellfish caught along or off the coastal area of Shimane Prefecture. a: V. vulnificus was not isolated from 12 fish samples: one sample of Japanese witch hazels (Coryphaena hippurus), each two samples of Mackerels (Scomber japonicus), Sardines (Sardinops melanostictus), Young yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata), Flatfish (Unknown), three samples of Bonito (Katsuwonus pelamis) b: Marsh snail, Chlorostoma lischkei, Omphalius rusticus, Reishia clavigera and Japeuthria ferrea and other small gastropod; c: Cellana, Cellana grata grata and Cellana toreuma d: Organisms were isolated by enrichiment of log samples. e: Organisms were isolated by enrichmet of 1g samples. f: z 105MPN (log10) /10g Fig. 2 Distribution of V. vulnificus in sea water and sediment along the coastal area of Shimane Prefecture
4 Fig. 3 Seasonal distribution of V. vulnificus in sediment at 10 sites along the coastal Table 3 Detection of V. vulnificus in shellfish samples marketed in Shimane Prefecture, Japan a: CFU was analyzedin 2003 and MPN in 2004, b: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Canada, c: Australia, Madagascal, Vietnam, Argentina, India
5 Table 4 Monthly distribution of V. vulnificus in Short-necked clam and shrimp samples marketed in Shimane Prefecture, Japan Table 5 Serotypes of V. vulnificus strains isolated from sea water, sediment and shellfish along the coastal area of Shimane Prefecture a: UT, untypable, b: R, rough type
6 Table 6 Serotypes of V. vulnificus isolated from shellfish samples marketed in Shimane Prefecture, Japan a: UT, untypable, b: R, rough type Fig. 4 Result of AP-PCR assay for serotype O12 strains of V. vulnificus. Lanes M, 1 kb radar molecular size marker, Tested strains were SV (lane 1, clinical strain), SV (lane 2, strain from Short-necked clam), SV (lane 3, strain from sediment), SV (lane 4, strain from Short-necked clam), SV (lane 5, strain from Short-necked clam), SV (lane 6, strain from water on beach)
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9 1) Fukushima H, Seki R: Ecology of Vibrio vulnificus and V parahaemolyticus in Brackish Envi- ronments of the Sada River in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2004; ) Aono E, Sugita H, Kawasaki J, Sakakibara H, Takahashi T, Endo K, et al.: Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction method for identifica-
10 tion of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from marine environments. J Food Prot 1997; 60: 81. subtropical coastal waters of Hong Kong. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; ) Cerda-cuellar M, Jofre J, Blanch AR A selective medium and a specific probe for detection of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66: ) Hill WE, Keasler SP, Trucksess MW, Feng P, Kaysner CA, Lampel KA, et al. Polymerase chain reaction identification of Vibrio vulnificus in artificially contaminated oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57: ) Kelly MT: Effect of temperature and salinity on Vibrio (Beneckea) vulnificus occurrence in a Gulf Coast environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44: ) Kaysner CA, Abeyta CJ, Wekell MM, Depaola A, Stott R, Leitch JM: Virulent strains of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from estuaries of the United States west coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53: ) Oliver JD, Warner RA, Cleland DR: Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting vibrios in the marine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45: ) Wright AC, Hill RT, Johnson JA, Roghman M-C, Roghman M, Morris JG: Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62: ) Hoi L, Larsen JL, Dalsgaard I, Dalsgaard A Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; ) Chan K-Y, Woo ML, Lo KW, French GL: Occurrence and distribution of halophilic vibrios in 18) Starks AM, Schoeb TR, Tamplin ML, Parveen S, Doyle TJ, Bomeisl PE, et al.: Pathogenesis of infection by clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio vulnificus in iron-dextran-treated mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68: ) Hara-Kudou Y, Sugiyama K, Nishibuchi M, Chowdhury A, Yatsuyanagi J, Ohtomo Y, et al. Prevalence of pandemic thermostable direct hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3: K6 in seafood and the coastal O environment in Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol (2003) ) Wu JJ, Hor LI, Shiau SL: Differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus strains by an arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 28: 70-8.
11 Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus along the Coastal Area of Shimane Prefecture andcontamination of Retail Fish and Shellfish with V. vulnificus in Shimane Prefecture, Japan Hiroshi FUKUSHIMA Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science We studied distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in sea water, sediment, and shellfish along the coast and contamination of retail fish and shellfish with V vulnificus in Shimane Prefecture, Japan between 2001 and MPN/10g. These isolates were divided into 11 serotypes with the most prevalent serotype being O4 followed by O1, 3 and O6. Serotype O12 strain (isolated from a patient from interior Shimane Prefecture in August 2004) was O isolated from sea water and a sediment sample and from 3 samples of short-necked clam produced in Kumamoto Prefecture. These findings suggested potential transmission of V. vulnificus through the water environment along the coast of the Japan Sea, that V. vulnificus is easily spread by coldtransport of fresh marine product, and that the occurrence of V. vulnificus infection is possible regardless of one's nearness to coastal areas where V. vulnificus is prevalent.
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