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2 2 A Study of the Economics of Organization from the Viewpoint of Barnard s Theory C. I. Barnard observed in the last chapter of his book The Functions of the Executive (1938) that there was a need for, but we did not have a science of organization (in his words, there is no science of organization or of coöperative systems). O. I. Williamson, being the famous researcher of transaction cost economics, gave attention to Barnard s words and suggested a conception of new science of organization. This article compares the conception by Williamson to a conception of science of organization on the basis of Barnard s theory. It is argued that these two theoretical positions differ in the concept of organizational boundaries and the method for grasping phenomenon. Yoshikazu Niwamoto JEL M100 Keywords science of organization; boundary of organization; behavioral knowledge; internal point of view; action-intuition, knowing in action I 61

3 69 2 = NPO Barnard,C.I. Jouvenel,B.de 1) 1)

4 Parsons,T. 2) 1951 P. Selznick 3) TVA ) 1978 H.A. 5) K. 2) ) ) 5) Simon, H.A Administrative Behavior (second ed.), Macmillan, p.xlviii. 63

5 69 2 6) J.K. 7) ) O.E. Williamson 9) The Functions of the Executive xvii 1978 Models of My Life, The MIT Press, ) Boulding, K The Image, University of Michigan Press, p ) Galbraith, J.K The New Industrial State, Hamish & Hamilton Pelican Books, 1969, p ) K. H. K. J. Arrow 1974 The Limits of Organization, W.W.Norton& Company Leibenstein H. 1976, Beyond Economic Man, Harvard University Press. 9) Williamson, O.E Market and Hierarchies, The Free Press The Functions of the Executive Williamson, O.E. ed Organizations Theory From Chester Barnard to Present and Beyond, Oxford University Press

6 10) ) E.T. 12) 13) 14) ) 10) T. = 1979 = = ) Penrose, E.T The theory of the Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, pp ) Ibid., p.17, p.20, footnote. 13) 1967 RBV Resource Based View 14) The Economics of Discretionary Behavior: Managerial Objectives in the theory of the Firm, Prentice-hall Corporate Control and Business Behavior: An Inquiry into the Effects of Organization From on Enterprise Behavior, Prentice-Hall. 15)

7 ) ) 1936 R 18) a joinder the new science of organization ) ) ) Commons, J.R Institutional Economics: Its place in political economy. 66

8 19) II 19) Williamson, O.E. ed., 1990 op. cit., p

9 ) 1991 R.H. Coase = 21) 22) 20) ) Coase,R.H The Firm, The Market, The Law, The University of Chicago Press ) Williamson, O.E. 1975, p

10 23) 23)

11 = ) = Nelson,R.R. and S.G.Winter 25) R.N. R. Langlois 26) N.J. N.J. Foss Holmstrom intrinsic core ancillary capability 24) RBV 25) Nelson,R.R. and Winter, S.G An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, pp M ) Langlois 70

12 61 the firm as a repository of tacit knowledge 27) 28) 2 27) Langlois, R., & Robertson 1995 Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theoy of Business Institutions. NTT ) 71

13 ) 30) = RBV Resource-Based View RBV M. tacit knowing Tacit Dimension tacit knowing tacit knowledge ) Foss, N.J The Theory of the Firm: Contractual and Competence Perspectives. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3 : pp p ) 2014 No.8. 72

14 tacit knowing = tacit knowledge references 3 N. Luhmann 31) 31) Luhmann, N

15 ) = = 33) 34) 32) ) 99 34) 74

16 ) ) 37) 38) 39) 40) 35) Copeland, M.T. 1940, The Job of an Executive, Harvard Business Review, Vol.18, No.2, p ) Simon, H.A. 1957, op. cit., p ) 1971 Vol.5, No.1 38) ) ) 2007IT News Letter Vol.3, No.2 75

17 69 2 = 41) 2 3 vs 41)

18 III I. The Functions of the Executive 3 1 Organization and Management W.B. Philosophy for Managers The honor of Dr. A. Lawrence Lowell s invitation The Functions of the Executive 8 77

19 L.J. executive practice

20 authority 150 =

21 69 2 = = sympathy J.S H.I Ansoff Corporate Strategy 1965 A.D. Chandler Strategy and Structure

22 = = 1960 Markets and Hierarchies Organization Theory From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond

23 69 2 M Williamson, 1975: 77 Simon, 1957,: 12 42) 43) = 42) Granovetter, M Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness, American Journal of Sociolgy, 91, pp , p ) Williamson, O.E. 1990, Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond, 1990, p

24 (1) (2) (3) (4) Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond

25 ) science of administration p ) = 8 satisficing = economizing IV 44) ) rely very substantially on very 84

26 p p.187, pp

27 practical knowledge behavioral knowledge = 86

28 = = = 87

29 ) act 46)

30 action activity 89

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untitled P-VAR IT 1 Porter, 19851990 2 Hammer and Champy, 1993 3 1 2 Slywotzky, 1997 Porter1985 Hamel and Prahalad, 1994 Christensen2003 2000 Fine1998 4 5 2003 3 6 7, 2001, p.8 4 8 9 Boulding, 1956 5 10 IT e-words