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1 , ﾀ縺48 縺ﾀ5 縺4273 縺ﾀ縺ｨ (DSS, 2MASS, 2dF, SDSS) ｨ (HDF, GOODS, HUDF 9 47.), ｨｨ 9 94 ﾁ57329ｨ閨ｨﾁｨ 252ｨ 29ｨｨｨｨｬｨｨ 843, ( ). PACS numbers: p, ﾀ g, ﾀ r (1163). 2. 縺 (1165). 3. 縺 (1167) ﾁ APM DSS 9 DPOSS MASS dF 9 6dF SDSS. 4. 閨 (117) WHDF HDF CDF FDF SDF 9 SXDS COMBO GOODS HUDF (1175) ﾀｨ 299 ﾁｨﾀｨ (118) (1182) , ｨ , ｨ , ｨｬﾁ ([1], ). 5. ﾀ , ﾀ , ﾀ , ﾀ , , (812) (812) resh@astro.spbu.ru * ｨﾁ " " , , , , ﾁ575, II ｨ. 閨 , 212ｨｨｬ XVIII 251 ｨｬﾁ , , , , , ｨｬ縺 , , , 閨 ( , " ") ｨ [2]. ﾀ " " ( ) ｨﾁ閨 ( 1=5) 閨 , , % ｨ , , , " ", # 5. ﾀ

2 ﾀ縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, , : 8 ﾁ , 8 ﾁ "62459" (24, , 55457, , 378, , 6974), 8 ﾁｨｨ閨 , ﾀ98 ｨｬ XIX 閨ｨ " " 閨 ( ) 閨ｨ , ﾁ XIX ﾁ59537 ﾁ , 9 ｨｨﾁ59537 ﾁ XIX ( ) ﾁ59537 ﾁﾁ59537 ﾁﾀｨ閨 " " ( ) ﾁ59537 ﾁ (212ｨ , , ) , ｨｨﾀ ( ) , , 353 ｨｨ , ｨ 252ｨ 29ｨ " " ｨｬ , [3], (25629, 738, 8ｨ 3854, , ) , [4]. 縺 : ; ｨ ( , , 353 ｨ ); ｨﾁ (ｨ閨219915); (N) (388525) lg N, N ｨ " ｨ " [5] : , ｨｨ , XX " " ｨｬ , ﾁ595ｨ 32889, 8953 ﾀｨ 95752, " " ｨ. 縺ｨｨｨ ( ) ｨｬﾁﾀ , , ( 1 ) (493597

3 , 2 11] 縺48 縺閨284 縺197 ﾀ縺縺罍ﾀ縺 lg S 4 2 MCG CfA 2MASS Lick 2dF DSS SDSS APM 8 lg N=S SDF HDF B, HUDF B, ｨ ( ). ﾀ a ﾁ , ( ) , ) ﾀﾁ ; ｨﾀ ( ｨ ) ( , ) 閨ｨｨ ( ) ( , , ) ﾁ ( ) , 縺ｨｨ 252ｨ 29ｨﾁ , " ｨ 7" ﾁｨ 252ｨﾁ ( , ) ｨｬ " 縺 : !" [6] ｨ , , 45, , ｨｨ , , , , ｨｨｨ O m ｷ3 ;3, O L ｷ3 ;7 9 H ｷ縺縺 " " ｨｬｨ , , , ｨ 595 ｨ , ﾁ / ｨﾁ577 ( & ). 7 ﾁﾁ z ;1 ( z ) (361) ｨ , , , 閨ｨｬｨﾁ577 ( & ). ﾀｨｨ o 284ｨ (z 5 ;5), ｨｨｨｨ " " c ｨ , , B 5 lg S (a) 9 B 5 lg ｭN=S6 9 (1), 345 B ｨｬ ( , ｨ ) 2 ﾁ B 2, S ｨｬﾁ575 ( ) 9 N ｨｬ a ｨﾁｨｬ , ,

4 ﾀ縺5 [ ｨ S 4 1 & 9 8 S 5 1 & , , , , ｨｨ B 25 m 1 73 m ﾁ577 ( a) a ｨ , E lim =S ｷ3 const ｭE lim ｨｬ , ｨ ). 71ｨ E lim ｨ , ｨﾁﾁｨ B 5 18 m, B 1 7 lg S , , ｨｨ , , ( , ) ( ﾀｨ , ｨ ) , B 3 m [7] ｨｬ 412ｨ , 353 ｨ ( ). ﾀｨｬｨ 252ｨｨ , B 4 3 m ;5 1 6 =& ( ﾁ ) , B 4 3 m , , , , ﾁｨｬ , ｨ [8] ｨ 65951, ﾁﾀ , , ﾁﾁﾀｨｨ (z max ), ｨ L ( ) E lim, ｨ L ｷ3 E lim 4pD 2 L, 345 D L ｨｬﾁ , z max (6529) V max ｭz; L6 9 ｷ3 S ｭ zmax Q ｭz; O m ; O L 6 9 dz ; 345 ﾁ41299 Q (O m 9 O L ｨｬｨｨ ) , ｨ , , , , ｨﾀﾁﾁ , ｨ 3549ｨｨ. 2. 縺ﾀｨ , , ｨ , ｨ (912 A ) [9] ｨﾁﾁﾁ ( ) (83., , [1]) ﾁ , , ｨｨｨｨﾁ , ｨﾁｨｨ 8 412ｨﾁｨ ( , ). 412ｨﾁ , 27758ｨ A ( ｨﾁ ) , ｨｨ 2949ｨ ( , La) 縺 , ｨﾁｨｨ , z , z ( ｨ ). 585 ｨﾀｨ , , ｨｨ , , ｨ ( , ｨ ). ﾀ5ｨ , ｨ , 937ｨｨ縺ｨ 5535 " " ( ) ｨｬｨ

5 , 2 11] 縺48 縺閨284 縺197 ﾀ縺縺罍ﾀ縺縺 , ｨ WWW 縺ﾁ縺ﾁﾁ [11] , ﾀﾁ59537 ﾁｨﾁﾁ577 (d > ) ｨ ( ), ;5 6; ﾀ ( ) , ｨｨｨｬ [11] ﾀｨ B m, B 4 15 m , ﾀ ( Palomar Observatory Sky Survey I, 929 POSS-I) [12] (MCG a) [13] ｨｨｬｨ 591 [14] [15] [12, 16] ﾀｨｨ 1, ( (33 ), ) 9 1, ｨ (ESO) ｨﾁ59537 ﾁｨｨ (ESO/SERC) ;5 m 82155, 353 POSS-I. 795, 2 825ｨ , , ﾁ59537 ﾁ975249ｨﾀ c ｨ 32889, , (212ｨｨｨ 94 ﾁ7-1784ｨ l eff 85 A ) ﾁ POSS-II [17]. ﾀ POSS-II B 22;5 m. 縺44 ﾁ59537 ﾁﾁﾁﾁ573299, , , ｨｨﾁｨﾁ APM 9 DSS APM ｨ APM (Automatic Plate Measuring machine) ﾁ ( ｨｬ ;5 ), , ( ) ｨｨ 8 [18]. ﾀｨ 9 43 & ﾁ575, B 4 22 m , , , ｨﾁﾁﾁﾁﾁ , c B 4 2;5 m APM 縺 , , APM (83., , [19]), [2] APM ( , ) ｨｬ 2dF ( ) APM ｨﾀ ESO/SERC : , APS (623) [21], COSMOS 9 SuperCOSMOS (343299) [22, 23] ｨﾁ577, APM DSS 9 DPOSS DSS (Digitized Sky Survey) ｨｬｨﾁﾁ DSS (STScI) 65

6 ﾀ縺5 [ ｨ , (HST) ｨ 4549 [24] "352171" ﾁ59537 ﾁ POSS-I 9 SERC ; , ﾁ , ﾀ (DSS-I) 閨1 9, , ﾁ縺ﾁ , (623) [25]. ﾀ DSS-I WWW STScI ( ｨ , 縺1857 DSS-II DSS-I ﾀ (POSS-II) [26] ; ﾁ59537 ﾁ POSS-II , 9175 SERC ｨﾁ752ｨﾁ , ﾁ DSS-II , , , WWW , DSS-I DSS ｨｨ DSS , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ , 412ｨ , ﾀ75519 DPOSS (Digitized Palomar Observatory Sky Survey; ﾁ59537 ﾁ POSS-II , ｨｨ DSS [27] d > ﾁﾀ86-412ｨﾀ DPOSS ; ( 3 71) ｨ DPOSS PNSC (Palomar Norris Sky Catalog), 212ｨ 3ｨ B 22 m , B 4 21 m ﾁ縺 , PNSC (212ｨ ) ﾁﾁｨ , , ﾁ595ｨ ( , , ) ( , ), , 9229ｨﾁ752739, MASS 縺ﾁ , , MASS (Two Micron All Sky Survey), ﾁﾁ ( 2MASS ｨｬｨﾁ , ﾁ577 2 ﾁ J (1,25 313), H (1,65 313) 9 K s (2,17 313) [28]. 412ｨｨﾁ , ( , 623, ) , ｨｨｨ ( ｨｨｬ 2; ) ｨﾀｨﾁ J, H 9 K s ( , irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/). 縺ﾁ [29] (PSC) ﾁ ( , ﾀ99) (XSC) 212ｨ ; [3] % ｨｨ ( ｨｬｨ HII, , ). ﾀ XSC ｨ 9 13;5 m (2,9 394) 9 15; m (1,6 394) K s 9 J XSC ( , ｨｬ "8 7517" ﾀ99) [31] MASS , Astrophysics Data System (ADS: [32], , , 縺 , MASS, ｨｬｨﾀ (

7 , 2 11] 縺48 縺閨284 縺197 ﾀ縺縺罍ﾀ縺 E C D F G A B I H J ,5,1,15,2 z MASS ﾁ575 ( ): A ｨｬﾀ98, B ｨｬﾀ , C ｨｬ , D ｨｬ / , E ｨｬ閨571258, F ｨｬ /Abell 3558, G ｨｬ閨 , H ｨｬ /Abell 3627, I ｨｬﾀ , J ｨｬ閨219919), ( , , "178471" ) dF 9 6dF 2dF ( ｨｬ 2 degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey, 929 2dFGRS) ｨｬｨ % ( 2 & ) ﾁ577, , [33, 34]. ( ﾀｨﾁｨ ) ｨﾁ APM ( ) 9 212ｨ B 19;5 m ｨｨ 852 閨ｨﾁ, ｨｨ縺ｨ 3ｨ 9 ( ﾁ , ; , ( ｨｨ z); , ｨｨｦts- ﾁ , dF ( z ), ｨｨｨｨ z ｷ3 ;11, ﾁ ( ) (8252) dF ｨ (8672) ｨ 852 [35] , ｨ 8 ﾁ57, 4 ｨ z ｨｬｨ , ｨ , 935ｨｨ縺ｨｨｬ , , ("25947") dF ｨ 7528, ﾁ , ｨ (m n; tot < 1;8 ｨ 5) [36] [37] dF dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) ｨｬｨｨ 852 ( & ) [38] QZ , 閨 ( ) ｨ , 212ｨﾁｨ, , 9175 ｨｦts- ﾁ dF (6dF Galaxy Survey, 929 6dFGS) ｨｬｨ , , , XSC 2MASS ( ) [39]. 縺ﾁ , ﾀ , , ｨ , , ﾁ53, ｨﾀ縺ｨ d < ( & ) ｨ 94 ﾁ57329ｨ (z ;5)

8 ﾀ縺5 [ ( ) ( dF ｨｬ , , ｨﾁ , ｨ , ﾀ ( ﾀｨｬ , ｨ 59 ﾁ (83., , [4])) z , ｨｨ z, , ( (Great Attractor) M [41].) 3.6. SDSS SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey; ｨｨ , [42, 43]. 528ｨ SDSS ﾁ ( 1 & ) ﾁ577. 縺ｨ ( & ) 2 ｨｨｨ , (3549 ﾁ , ) 2 48ｨ (623) ﾀﾁｨﾁ52, ｨｨｨ縺ﾁｨ 4549 ｨｬ , ( 4 ;1 ) , ﾁｨｨﾁ A. ﾀﾁ B 23 m ｨ , , ﾁ : B919 m c ("178475" ) 9 B92;5 m ｨｨｨﾀｨ WWW ｨ 3ｨ 9: , ﾁ ; , ( ｨｬ , 5127 ｨｬ 12877, ｨｬ ) [44]. 縺 SDSS SDSS , ( ADS ) ｨｨｬ ( SDSS ) ( z ｷ3 6) [45] SDSS, dF ｨ , (z9;2) , , ﾁ , ( ). 4. 閨ｨｨｨｬ ( ) , , [46], 6ｨ [47] [48] WHDF WHDF (William Herschel Deep Field) ｨｬ , ｨｨ a ｭ26 9 ｷ3 ｷ d ｭ26 9 ｷ3 6ｦ , 閨 ( 縺 , ) [49] ﾁ (U, B, R 9 I ) ﾀ , ｨ , 28, B 28 m , WHDF, ｨｨﾁ , WHDF, (ｨﾁ57329ｨｨ 252ｨ ), (32525) ﾁ , ｨ (83.

9 , 2 11] 縺48 縺閨284 縺197 ﾀ縺縺罍ﾀ縺 ) [49, 5] HDF 閨 HST ( Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N) 9 Hubble Deep Field South (HDF-S)) ｨｬﾁ , 18ｨｨ 252ｨ [51]. 412ｨ ( ,4 3, ) , 395 ｨｨ , z STScI ( ) [52] ｨｨｬﾀ , ( ) , ｨｨ (HDF-N) ｨ WFPC-2 (Wide-Field Planetary Camera 2) ﾁ928971, A ( ﾁ92897 F3W), 45 A (F45W), 66 A (F66W) A (F814W) ﾁ , (679 ｨｨﾀ ) ｨﾁ ;4, , ｨﾀ25548 HDF-N ;3 &, ｨﾁｨﾁｨｨ HDF-N ﾁ , , STScI ( 4 ｨｨ 4549, , 2 HDF-N B 29 m ｨｨ ( ｨｬ閨 ). 閨 HST , , , 353 ｨｨ , ( ;1 ) ｨ 453ｨ (z 5 1) 縺ｨｬ (679 z ｷ ( 2 3 ) HDF-N ｨ 55 (comoving) ), ｨﾀ HDF-N ( ) , , ｨｨﾀｨ 252ｨﾁ , , (z 5 5) 縺 HDF-N ｨ [53]. 412ｨｨ ( ) ﾀ75519 HDF-S HDF-N: 2 ｨ z ｷ3 2; ｨｨｨｨ 555: 1) ｨ WFPC ( ﾁ , HDF-N); 2) A, ｨ STIS (Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph) 9 3) ,1, 1,6 9 2,2 313 (429 ｨ NICMOS ｨｬ Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) ｨｨ , 9 65ｨ HDF-S , HDF-N, ｨｨｨ ( ﾀ , ( " " ｨ ) 縺 HDF 412ｨ , ｨｬ ADS ｨ

10 ﾀ縺5 [ CDF 閨 (Chandra Deep Fields) ( ｨ ) , (CXO) ｨ (CDF-N 9 CDF-S). 412ｨ CDF-S ( ﾀ538) ｨﾀ25548 CDF-S 724 ;19 &, ｨｨ 45739, ｨ 5 [54, 55] ｨｨｬ ( , ). CDF-N ｨｬ ( ;124 &, ｨ ), HDF-N ( ), CDF-N HDF-N (798. 7). 5 CDF-N , ｨ 5 [56, 57] ｨ HDF-N ( ) , CDF-S 9 CDF-N, , z 1, ｨ 9 z > 3 (83., , [57]) ｨ 252ｨ 29ｨ 8 z ﾁ z [58] (2 3.) ﾀ (2 3.) CDF-N ( ｨ ) ｨｬ , ｨ , ｨｬ , ｨｨｬ HDF-N FDF FORS Deep Field (FDF) ｨｬｨﾁｨｨｨ FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (FORS) 4 8, ESO-VLT [59]. 縺ﾁｨ ESO-VLT UT1 (Antu) ﾁ ( A ) ﾁ , 2 ﾁ R ｨｬｨﾁ縺ｨ ( ﾁ J 9 K ) ESO-NTT FDF , ｨｨ ( ) , FORS 2 ﾁ B HDF ( ), ﾁ HDF m. 4 ESO-VLT FDF, ｨ (83., , [6]) FDF ｨｬｨ 45499, ｨｬ , 18ｨﾁ (z > 3) , ｨ 252ｨﾁ , , [61] SDF 9 SXDS 縺ｨ Subaru Deep Field (SDF) (z > 4) , Subaru (" ﾀ25947" ) ﾁｨｨﾁ (B, V, R, i ) ( A ) [62] SDF ｨ J 9 K [63] ｨ , ;5 m 2 ﾁ B ;5 m 2 K Subaru ( , ). 縺 SDF ﾁｨ SDF , 18ｨ , 2 ｨ z 5 6 ( ), La-9823ｨ z ｷ3 6;6 [64]. Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) ｨｬ ( 1;3 & )

11 , 2 11] 縺48 縺閨284 縺197 ﾀ縺縺罍ﾀ縺閨7487,5 1, La-9823ｨ z ｷ3 5;7 ; SXDS ( ). 3558ｨ (Subaru, UKIRT, XMM-Newton, VLA, GALEX, JCMT) (83., , [65]) SXDS: a ｭ26 9 ｷ d ｭ26 9 ｷ SXDS ( ) , 353 SDF, o 284ｨ , , Subaru ﾁｨ SXDS ﾁ , l ｷ3 815 A ｨ , , 2 ｨ z ｷ3 5;7 ;5 [66] ｨ , ｨ z. ﾀ [66] ｨ 3549ｨ ( , ﾁ57397ｨ ( )) 679 z ｷ3 5;7 (!) COMBO-17 COMBO-17 (Classifying Objects by Medium-Band Observations in 17 ｨｦlters) ｨｬﾁ (212ｨ 39 CDF-S, ｨｨ Abell 91/92) ;5 ; , MPG/ESO [67, 68]. 閨ｨｨ , ｨﾁ ( (U, B, V, R, I ) ), ｨ A ﾁ , ﾁ91299, (s z ;3) E N 1,,5 閨 , COMBO-17 (B 25;5 [68]) ｨ, ｨ z ｨ COMBO ｨ [69]. 412ｨ , 212ｨ 3ｨ , [7] ( index.html) GOODS Astrophys. J. Lett., GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey) [71]. GOODS ｨｬｨｨｨ 8 HDF , ｨｨ (HST, SIRTF, CXO, XMM-Newton) (ESO-VLT, ESO-NTT, KPNO ) 縺 GOODS ｨｬ z 5, z, , ｨｨ , ﾁｨｨ 16 & ｨ HDF-N ( ), ｨｬ 8 CDF-S ( ). 412ｨ HST ｨ Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) ﾁ F435W (B), F66W (V ), F775W (i ), F85LP (z) ( ﾁﾁｨｨ ) HDFs, ﾁｨ , ｨ V, i 9 z ｨ 651, ( ｨ , " " GOODS , SN Ia 8 z > 1;25 [72].) ﾀﾁ ;3 ( ｨ ;1 ). ﾀ , ｨ , 4 ;5 m 5 ;8 m 175, HST, GOODS , 353 HDF-N 9 HDF-S WWW GOODS: 412ｨ GOODS (212ｨ 39, , Keck 9 Gemini) , ｨｨ [71], WWW

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閨 [ ﾁ , 0 13030607050208 1999 03. 070503 169, 02 4 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 090908090103 04030209 06040700 0100010905 0607050102050307 ﾁ0908090109 09 0008090705 ﾁ0908090109 06070504080900020209ｨ 090809

ﾀ 縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, ,

ﾀ縺5 [ XIV 251 [1] , 254, ,