年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // v i R n λ i [], [], [], [] 3 BI [6] MRRR (Multiple Relatively Robust Representation

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1 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS //,,a),b),c) 3 - Multiple Relatively Robust Representation MRRR MRRR Reorthogonalized Bloc Inverse Iteration Algorithm for Parallel Computation of Eigenvectors Hiroyui Ishigami,,a) Kini Kimura,b) Yoshimasa Naamura,c) Abstract: A reorthogonalized bloc inverse iteration algorithm is proposed for parallel computation of eigenvectors for symmetric tridiagonal matrices. The reorthogonalization process in the inverse iteration algorithm for computing eigenvectors is mainly based on the vector operations or the matrix-vector multiplications, whose parallel granularity is relatively small. Multiple Relatively Robust Representations (MRRR) algorithm is also proposed for computing eigenvectors, but the MRRR algorithm occasionally loses orthogonality. The proposed algorithm is derived from the simultaneous inverse iteration algorithm, which enables us to implement matrix-matrix multiplications and then has large parallel granularity. The proposed algorithm helps us to modify eigenvectors of the matrix, which the MRRR algorithm fails to compute with good orthogonality. Numerical experiments on shared memory multi-core processors show that the proposed algorithm achieves high accuracy as and is faster than both the inverse iteration algorithm and the simultaneous inverse iteration algorithm. Keywords: Eigenvector computation, Inverse iteration, Simultaneous inverse iteration, Reorhtogonalization, Multicore processing Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 66 5, Japan DC Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC) a) hishigami@amp.i.yoto-u.ac.p b) imur@amp.i.yoto-u.ac.p c) ynaa@i.yoto-u.ac.p. n n A Av i = λ i v i, i =,..., n λ i R A λ < < λ n c Information Processing Society of Japan 65

2 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // v i R n λ i [], [], [], [] 3 BI [6] MRRR (Multiple Relatively Robust Representations) [7], [9] LAPACK (Linear Algebra PACKage []) STEVX STEGR BI CPU - [3], [5] - MRRR [] MRRR Glued-Wilinson [6], [] MRRR [6] MRRR 3 MRRR LAPACK SYEVR [] MRRR MRRR MRRR n 3 T T λ R λ < λ < < λ n q R n λ T λ λ n v () v (i) ( T λ I ) v (i) = v (i ), i =,,.... () I n i v (i) q m n O (mn) v (i) T c Information Processing Society of Japan 66

3 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // Algorithm Inv : function Inv(T, λ,..., λ mc ) : Q := 3: for =,..., m c do : i := 5: Generate v () from random numbers 6: T λ I := P L U LU 7: repeat : i := i + 9: Solve P L U v (i) = v (i ) : v (i) Q v (i) Q := [ ] q q : until converge : Normalize q := v (i) / v (i) 3: end for : return Q mc := [ q ] q mc 5: end function [] Peters-Wilinson [7] λ λ 3 T m λ λ T - Peters-Wilinson Algorithm Algorithm LAPACK 3 DSTEIN DSTEIN () T λ I LU P L U LU 6 9 DSTEIN MGS m c O ( m cn ) Peters-Wilinson [7] MGS AXPY MGS DSTEIN - [3], [5] - CGS CGS MGS - MGS CGS CGS CGS [] MGS Householder compact WY [9] [] [3] MGS.5 - MGS MGS. [5] [5] T σ T λ,..., λ mc λ,..., λ mc n m c V () QR V () := Q () R () Q () Q () λ,..., λ mc q,..., q mc ( T λ I ) v (i ) = q (i ), =,..., m c, () V (i) := Q (i) R (i). (3) v (i) q (i) V (i) Q (i) () () m c (3) QR c Information Processing Society of Japan 67

4 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // Algorithm SInv : function SInv(T, λ,..., λ mc ) : Generate V () := [ v () ] v () m c 3: V () := Q () R () QR : for =,..., m c do 5: T λ I := P L U LU 6: end for 7: i := : repeat 9: i := i + : for =,..., m c do : Solve P L U v (i) = q (i ) : end for 3: V (i) := Q (i) R (i) QR : until converge 5: return Q := [ Q (i)] 6: end function Algorithm () LU 5 5 P L U m c 3 n m c V (i) QR 3. r ( m c ) r m c 3. m c r q,..., q ( )r q ( )r+,..., q r r =,,..., m c /r n r V (),r QR V (),r := Q (),r R(),r Q () Q () 3 λ ( )r+,..., λ r Algorithm 3 : function (T, r, λ,..., λ mc ) : Q := O 3: for =,..., m c /r do : i := 5: Generate V (),r := [ ] v () ( )r+ v () r 6: V (),r := Q(),r R(),r QR 7: for = ( )r +,..., r do : T λ I := P L U LU 9: end for : repeat : i := i + : for = ( )r +,..., r do 3: Solve P L U v (i) : end for 5: V (i),r = q (i ) := V(i),r Q ( )rq ( )r V,r 6: V (i),r := Q(i),rR (i),r 7: Q (i),r := Q (i),r Q ( )r Q ( )r Q(i),r : Q (i),r := Q (i),r R(i),r 9: until converge : Q r := [ Q ( )r Q (i),r : end for : return Q mc = [ q q mc ] 3: end function ] ( Qr := [ ]) Q (i),r QR QR q ( )r+,..., q r V (i),r = [ ] v (i) ( )r+ v (i) r Q (i),r = [ ] q (i) ( )r+ q (i) r (i) r ( T λ I ) v (i) = q (i ), = ( )r +,..., r. () (ii) q,..., q ( )r V (i),r (iii) (ii) n r QR Q (i),r (i) r r r m c QR (ii) (iii) QR (ii) O ( ( )r n ) (iii) n r QR O ( r n ) QR CGS CGS CGS BCGS [] BCGS [3] (i) (ii) (iii) c Information Processing Society of Japan 6

5 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // r = m c r = Algorithm 3 BCGS 5 BCGS 5 7 (ii) 6 (iii) 3. T [5] T l (< n) σ V (i), Q (i) R n l (T σi) V (i) = Q (i ), V (i) := Q (i) R (i). Q (i) σ [5] Lemma 5.9. T V (i). CPU 5 CPU LAPACK BLAS Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms Intel Math Kernel Library MKL LAPACK BLAS CPU OpenMP. Algorithm LAPACK DSTEIN () LAPACK 6 LU DLAGTF 9 DLAGTS Intel MKL MGS CGS Inv-CGS MGS CGS - DGEMV Inv-CGS DGEMV. Algorithm m O (m) 5 DLAGTF DLAGTS m c OpenMP for 3 3 QR.. CGS QR CGS - QR CGS - [3] CGS CGS rcgs rcgs DGEMM BLAS Intel MKL BLAS CGS rcgs c Information Processing Society of Japan 69

6 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // : Table Main routines and parallelism in each code. Inv-CGS SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS QR rcgs BCGS rcgs DLAGTF DLAGTF DLAGTF DLAGTF DLAGTF DLAGTS DLAGTS DLAGTS DLAGTS DLAGTS MGS CGS QR rcgs BCGS BCGS BCGS QR rcgs rcgs OpenMP for Intel Math Kernel Library BLAS Algorithm BCGS algorithm : function BCGS(V,r,..., V /r,r ) : Q = O. 3: for =,..., /r do : V,r := V,r Q ( )r Q ( )r V,r 5: V,r := Q,r R,r QR 6: Q r = [ Q ( )r Q,r ] ( Qr = [ Q,r ]) 7: end for : return Q = [ q q ] 9: end function rcgs rcgs QR SInv-rCGS.. BCGS QR [] QR CGS BCGS BCGS CGS r Algorithm n QR BCGS 5 QR rcgs CGS BCGS BCGS BCGS [3] BCGS DGEMM Intel MKL BCGS rcgs BCGS QR SInv-BCGS.3 Algorithm 3 DLAGTF 3 DLAGTS LAPACK r OpenMP 7 for 5 7 DGEMM QR n r QR BCGS CGS 6 rcgs 6 QR rcgs QR Intel MKL 5. 3 T T Inv-CGS SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS LAPACK DSTEIN c Information Processing Society of Japan 7

7 HPCS // 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium.E+.E+ Sinv-rCGS.E+ Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS.E (a) Elapsed time of all code (b) Elapsed time of SInv-rCGS, SInv-BCGS, and.e-9.e-9 Sinv-rCGS.E- Residual.E- Orthogonality Sinv-rCGS Sinv-BCGS 3.E+3.E-3 Sinv-rCGS.E-5 Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS.E-7 Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS.E-3.E-5.E (c) Orthogonality QQ I /n (d) Residual T Q QD /n 図 : 固有ベクトル計算における逆反復法 同時逆反復法 再直交化付きブロック逆反復法の比較 r = 56 テスト行列 T Fig. Comparison of Inv, SInv, and code in computing eingenvectors of T. Note that r = 56. 表 : 実験環境 Appro Green Blade 行列ではほとんどが一つのクラスターに含まれる 数値実 Table Specifications of Appro Green Blade 験において実際に用いた行列でも n が 以上の場合 CPU Intel Xeon E5-67 (.6GHz, cores ) においては 9 割以上の固有値が一つのクラスターを成す RAM DDR3-6 6GB 行列となった Compiler Intel Fortran Compiler 3..3 Options -O3 -xhost -ipo -no-prec-div -static -openmp た LAPACK の DSTEBZ ルーチンを利用することにより計 Libraries LAPACK 3.. 算した DSTEBZ は 実対称 3 重対角行列の固有値を二分 Intel Math Kernel Library. update また 各テスト行列の固有値は Intel MKL に実装され 法によって計算する倍精度演算ルーチンである 最後に 各コードにおいて 許容する反復回数は 5 回で ルーチンそのものであるが 本実験においては Intel Fortran ある しかし 全ての実験において いかなる入力行列の Compiler で改めてコンパイルしたものを使用した 場合でも 3 回の反復回数で収束することが確認できている 性能評価のテスト行列には 固有値分布の異なる二つの 実対称 3 重対角行列 T T を用いた テスト行列 T は Glued-Wilinson 行列 [6], [] である この行列の固有値は 5. 各コードの性能比較 図 および図 は それぞれテスト行列 T および T に Peters-Wilinson の判定基準において 大きさが n/ とな 対する 6 スレッド並列計算での数値実験を行った結果を るクラスターと n/ となるクラスターがそれぞれ 7 つ 示すものである この比較においては SInv-BCGS およ 計 のクラスターに分かれることが知られている 更に び のブロックサイズパラメータは r = 56 とした それぞれのクラスターに属する固有値が非常に密集してお 図 a と図 a では 全固有ベクトル計算に要した計算時間 り 条件数の悪い問題として知られている テスト行列 T の比較を行っている これらの図から 特に大次元の行列 は 全要素を (, ) の範囲の一様乱数により生成した実対 に対して 行列乗算を中心とした固有ベクトル計算法で 称 3 重対角行列を用いた この行列の固有値は 小次元行 ある同時逆反復法および再直交化付きブロック逆反復法 列ではある程度の数のクラスターに分かれる一方 大次元 の実装コードが 逆反復法の実装コードである Information Processing Society of Japan 7

8 HPCS // 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium.E+5.E+3.E+.E+ Sinv-rCGS.E+ 5 Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS.E (a) Elapsed time of all code (b) Elapsed time of SInv-rCGS, SInv-BCGS, and.e-.e- Sinv-rCGS Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS Sinv-rCGS.E-6 Inv-CGS Sinv-BCGS.E-6 Residual Orthogonality Sinv-rCGS Sinv-BCGS 5.E+.E-.E-.E-.E (c) Orthogonality QQ I /n (d) Residual T Q QD /n 図 : 固有ベクトル計算における逆反復法 同時逆反復法 再直交化付きブロック逆反復法の比較 r = 56 テスト行列 T Fig. Comparison of Inv, SInv, and code in computing eingenvectors of T. Note that r = 56. Inv-CGS よりも高速な並列計算を実現していることが分 ラフから 同じ反復回数の固有ベクトル計算において かる また 図 b および図 b では 図 a と図 a で示し SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS は 従来アルゴリズムで た結果のうち SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS の計算 ある や Inv-CGS と同等の計算精度を得られるこ 時間のみを比較したものである これらの図から 特に とが分かる しかしながら T の直交性を表すグラフにお 大次元の行列に対しては 提案アルゴリズムの実装コー いて SInv-rCGS の n = 955 SInv-BCGS の n = 5 ドである が最も高速であることが分かる 実際 など所々精度の劣化が見られる以上 同時逆反復法は再直 は n = 35 の T の全固有ベクトル計算につい 交化付きブロック逆反復法よりも精度面での信頼性に欠 て に対して約 6 倍 Inv-CGS に対して約 5 倍 ける n = 3 の T の全固有ベクトル計算でも に対 して約 倍 Inv-CGS に対して約 3 倍高速であった ま 5. 強スケーリングの評価 た RBI-BCGS は 同時逆反復法の実装コード SInv-rCGS 図 3 および図 は 行列 T および T の問題サイズを固 や SInv-BCGS に比べて T の全固有ベクトル計算では 定した時の SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS の並列化効 % T の全固有ベクトル計算では %近い性能向上が確 率を評価した結果である 全てのグラフにおいて 各手法 認できている 同じく CGS 法を QR 分解に実装した同時 を スレッドで計算したときに要した計算時間を基準に 逆反復法コード SInv-rCGS および SInv-BCGS と比べる スレッド数を変化させた時どの程度の高速化が見られるか と で使用されるメモリ空間は少ないため より高 を示している この比較においても SInv-BCGS および い演算性能が得られたと考えられる のブロックサイズパラメータは r = 56 とした 図 c および図 c では各コードによって得られた固有ベ クトルの直交性 QQ I /n 図 d および図 d では各 6 スレッドを使用することで は テスト行列 T の n = 5 において約 倍 n = において約 6 倍 コードによって得られた固有ベクトルの残差 T Q QD /n n = 35 において約 7 倍の並列化効率を達成した また を表している ここで D は対角要素に固有値が並ぶ対 テスト行列 T の n = において約 倍 n = に 角行列である これら固有ベクトルの計算精度を表すグ おいて約 3 倍 n = 3 において約 倍の並列化効率 Information Processing Society of Japan 7

9 HPCS // 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium 6 6 SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS 6 SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS 6 SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS (a) n = 5 6 (b) n = 6 6 (c) n = 35 図 3: T に対する SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS の強スケーリング評価 r = 56 Fig. 3 Strong scalability of SInv-rCGS, SInv-BCGS, and for T and r = SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS 6 SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS 6 SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS (a) n = (b) n = 6 (c) n = 3 図 : T に対する SInv-rCGS SInv-BCGS の強スケーリング評価 r = 56 Fig. Strong scalability of SInv-rCGS, SInv-BCGS, and for T and r = 56. を達成し T に対する結果よりも良い結果が得られた こ 例するように計算時間が削減される これは r の値を大 れは 固有値が大規模なクラスターを成すテスト行列 T の きくすることにより QR 分解や再直交化計算における行 方が 全体の計算量に対する再直交化計算や QR 分解を行 列乗算の割合が増えるからである その一方で どの行列 う割合が大きくなるからであると考えられる これらの計 サイズにおいても r = のときに計算時間が最も短くな 算は行列乗算中心のキャッシュヒット率の高い計算であり るわけではないことが分かる したがって 再直交化付き このことによる演算性能の向上が起因して T に対して高 ブロック逆反復法のブロックサイズパラメータ r は 大き い並列化効率が得られたと考えられる どちらのテスト行 い値を設定すれば必ず高速されるというわけではない 列に対しても 問題サイズが小さい時よりも大きい時の方 以上の性能評価により ブロックサイズ r を上手く設定 が高い並列化効率を得られた また は SInv-rCGS することで計算時間の削減が計られることは明らかであ と比較するとほとんど同程度の並列化効率を達成している る しかし r の値が大きい場合の計算時間の変化幅は徐々 が SInv-BCGS には少し劣るという結果が得られた に小さくなっているため 他の性能評価において設定した r = 56 のような値であれば 最適に近い性能での並列計 5.3 異なるブロックサイズパラメータにおける性能 図 5 は 行列 T および T の問題サイズを固定し 異な るブロックサイズ r を与えた場合の SInv-BCGS の計算時間を比較している 強スケーリングによる性能評 算ができていると見なせる 6. まとめと今後の課題 本論文では 並列計算機向けの実対称 3 重対角行列の固 価と同様に 問題サイズには 行列 T に対しては 5 有ベクトル計算アルゴリズムとして再直交化付きブロック 35 行列 T に対しては 3 逆反復法を提案した 提案アルゴリズムは 行列乗算を中 を選んだ 心とした固有ベクトル計算法である同時逆反復法にブロッ 図 5 からは SInv-BCGS と の両方について 同 クパラメータを導入したもので 大粒度の並列性を持つ 様の傾向が観察される まず 行列の種類やサイズに係わ 共有メモリマルチコアプロセッサシステム上での性能評価 らず ある程度の大きさまでは ブロックサイズ r に反比 では 提案アルゴリズムが 速度と精度両面において優れ た並列計算を達成することを示した また 異なるブロッ Information Processing Society of Japan 73

10 HPCS // 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium n=35, SInv-BCGS n=35, n=, SInv-BCGS n=, n=5, SInv-BCGS n=5,.e+3.e+ n=3, SInv-BCGS n=3, n=, SInv-BCGS n=, n=, SInv-BCGS n=,.e+5.e+.e+.e+3.e+.e+.e Bloc Size (a) Case of T Bloc Size (b) Case of T 図 5: 異なるブロックサイズ r に対する SInv-BCGS および の計算時間 Fig. 5 Elapsed time of SInv-BCGS and for each bloc size parameter r. クサイズパラメータの値を選択した場合の性能評価では [7] ある程度のサイズまで大きくすることで最適に近い性能が 得られることを示した [] 今後の課題としては 章において述べた MRRR 法と 提案アルゴリズムを組み合わせた新しいアルゴリズムの実 [9] 装が考えられる このアルゴリズムにより MRRR 法で計 算が破綻してしまうような行列に対しても 高速高精度な 固有ベクトル計算が可能になると期待できる また より [] 大規模な問題への適用のため 提案アルゴリズムの分散並 列環境での実装および性能評価も重要な課題である 謝辞 有益なコメントをいただいた HPCS の査読者の [] 方々に感謝いたします 本研究は 科学研究費補助金特別 研究員奨励費 課題番号 5 および基盤研究 B [] 課題番号 363 による助成を受けた また 本研 究の結果の一部は 京都大学学術情報メディアセンターの [3] スーパーコンピュータ Appro Green Blade を利用して 得られたものである 参考文献 [] [] [3] [] [5] [6] : See the past records in LAPACK BUG LIST Homepage, list.html. Anderson, E., Bai, Z., Bischof, C., Blacford, L. S., Demmel, J. W., Dongarra, J., Du Croz, J., Hammarling, S., Greenbaum, A., McKenney, A. and Sorensen, D.: LAPACK Users Guide (Third ed.), SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA (999). Barlow, J. L. and Smotunowicz, A.: Reorthogonalized bloc classical Gram-Schmidt, Numer. Math., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 9 (). Bischof, C. H., Marques, M. and Sun, X.: Parallel bandreduction and tridiagonalization, Proc. Sixth SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing, pp. (993). Chatelin, F. C. and Ahue s, M.: Eigenvalues of Matrices, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA (). Demmel, J. W., Marques, O. A., Parlett, B. N. and Vo mel, C.: Performance and accuracy of LAPACK s symmetric tridiagonal eigensolvers, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol. 3, No. 3, pp (). Information Processing Society of Japan [] [5] [6] [7] [] [9] Dhillon, I. S.: A new O(n ) algorithm for the symmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue/eigenvector problem, PhD Thesis, EECS Department, University of California, Bereley (997). Dhillon, I. S., Parlett, B. N. and Vo mel, C.: Glued matrices and the MRRR algorithm, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol. 7, No., pp (5). Dhillon, I. S., Parlett, B. N. and Vo mel, C.: The design and implementation of the MRRR algorithm, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., Vol. 3, No., pp (6). Giraud, L., Langou, J., Rozloz nı, M. and van den Eshof, J.: Rounding error analysis of the classical Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process, Numer. Math., Vol., No., pp. 7 (5). Imamura, T., Yamada, S. and Machida, M.: Development of a high performance eigensolver on the peta-scale next generation supercomputer system, Prog. Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol., pp (). Ipsen, I. C. F.: Computing an Eigenvector with Inverse Iteration, SIAM Review, Vol. 39, No., pp. 5 9 (997). Ishigami, H., Kimura, K. and Naamura, Y.: On implementation and evaluation of inverse iteration algorithm with compact WY orthogonalization, IPSJ Transactions on Mathematical Modeling and Its Applications, Vol. 6, No., pp (3). Katagiri, T. and Itoh, S.: A massively parallel dense symmetric eigensolver with communication splitting multicasting algorithm, Computing for Computational Science - VECPAR, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 69, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp (). Katagiri, T.: Performance Evaluation of Parallel GramSchmidt Re-orthogonalization Methods, Computing for Computational Science - VECPAR, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 565, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 3 3 (3). Parlett, B. N.: The Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA (99). Peters, G. and Wilinson, J.: The calculation of specified eigenvectors by inverse iteration, Handboo for Automatic Computation, pp. 39, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (97). Petschow, M. and Bientinesi, P.: MR3 -SMP: A symmetric tridiagonal eigensolver for multi-core architectures, Parallel Computing, Vol. 37, No. (). Schreiber, R. and van Loan, C.: A storage-efficient WY representation for products of Householder transformations, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., Vol., No., pp (99). 7

11 年ハイパフォーマンスコンピューティングと計算科学シンポジウム Computing Symposium HPCS // [] Stewart, G.: Bloc Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 3, No., pp (). [] Wu, Y.-J. J., Alpatov, P. A., Bischof, C. H. and van de Gein, R. A.: A parallel implementation of symmetric band reduction using PLAPACK, Proc. Scalable Parallel Libraries Conference, Mississippi State University (996). [] Yamamoto, Y. and Hirota, Y.: A parallel algorithm for incremental orthogonalization based on the compact WY representation, JSIAM Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 9 9 (). [3] Gram-Schmidt ACS Vol., No., pp. 6 7 (). c Information Processing Society of Japan 75

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