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1906 R n m 1 = =1 1 R R= 8h ICP s p s HeNeArXe 1 ns 1 1 1 1 1 17 NaCl

1.3 nm 10nm 3s CuAuAg NaCl CaF - - HeNeAr 1.7(b) 2 2 2d = a + a = 2a d = 2a 2 1 1 N = 8 + 6 = 4 8 2

4 4 2a 3 4 π N πr 3 3 4 ρ = = = 3 3 a a 3 2π =0.74 6 (1.13) = = (q=e ) 2 (3.34) 10 (1.13) (microwave)2.45[ghz] (H 2 O) 2.45[GHz]4.3.2

A 2 d sinθ = mλ (m=±1,2,3, ) 3d 4f 1.3 Fe, Co, Ni 3d 3d N 4s 2, N=6,7, 8 Nd Sm 4f N 6s 2, N=4,6)

(1)1 1 4 n = 4 (0.3608 10 [m]) = 8.52 10 [m ] (2)Cu 2.1 20 = 0.581 10 [S/m] (2.9) = = = 0.581 10 [S/m] 8.52 10 [m ] 1.60 10 [C] = 4.26 10 [m /(V s)] (1) (2.13) = 2 = 1 = 1 3.14 1.26 10 1 20 σ Ag: = 2.02 [μm]au: = 2.46 [μm]cu: = 2.09 [μm] (2) S δ R 2πrδ R (2.14) R = = 2πRδ = 2 = 2 2 f l Cu Al R (2.14) = =

= 2.82 10 = = 1.64 1.72 10 Al Cu 1.6 Al Cu = 2.70 10 [kg/m ] 8.96 10 [kg/m ] = 2.70 10 [kg/m ] 8.96 10 [kg/m 1.64 = 0.494 ] 50% (1) (2.25) dx di I α (2) (2.25) = ln = + x=0 I=I 0 =ln ln(/ ) = =exp( ) (2.26) = exp( ) (1) 400800 [nm] = h [J] = h 1.24 10 = [ev] = 3.10 [ev] 400 (2) = 2 = 1 2

= = 8.854 10 [Fm -1 ]λ=800 [nm] n = (2) = (2) = 1.75 10 [m ] f λ f=c/λ m 0 m* t = = (/2) = (C ) = t =C π = = (1) yz x = E s > = + ( ) e = = ( )

( ) =,, = (),, f(e)-ee F >>kt - () =exp (p x, p y, p z ) 2/h 3 = ( ) = 2 h exp exp 2 exp + 2 exp( ) = / exp 2 = exp 2 =(2) J s = 4 h exp exp 2 =dx/d =2 exp 2 = 1 exp 2 2 = exp 2 =exp 2 (2.28) = 4 h =4 h m=m 0 (2) (2.30)(2.31), = exp = exp = exp 1.60 10 1.60 10 4 8.85 10 = exp 0.44

2 = exp 0.44 =2 T=2500 [K] =. ln 2 = 1.55 10 [V/m] (1) (2) (2.32) = ( ) = = 1.54 10 exp 6.83 10 exp Φ Φ = 4.52 [ev]e=5.0 10 9 [V/m] J = 1.7 10 [A/m 2 ]

(1) kte =. /. = 0.0259 [ev] (2) 3.5[meV] t = = 1 ħ =1 ħ =1 ħ dt F de = = 1 ħ = 1 ħ 1 ħ = ħ = = 1 ħ 400nm = = = 1.57 10 [m ] 800nm = = 8.97 10 [m ] 8.97 10 1.57 10 [m ]

=± =± 0.5 10 = 6.28 10 [m ] 2-3 Si = 0.145 [m /Vs] = 0.0450 [m /Vs] 3.2 (3.11)(3.12) = 0.26 = 1.60 10 0.145 = 1.02 10 [s] = 0.36 = 1.60 10 0.0450 = 4.56 10 [s] (3.33) = + 2 T=300 [K] 3 4 ln =3 4 0.0259[eV] ln 3.2 ev + 2 (1) (3.29)(3.30)(3.35)(3.36) = exp = exp exp = exp (3.36) = exp = exp exp = exp (3.35)

: 1 (3.32) (3.34) (3.31) =2 2 / h = 2.51 10 / / 300 =2 2 h = 2.51 10 3.2 Si / 300 / = 1.09 = 1.15 = 2.86 10 / [m ] = 3.10 10 / [m ] (3.34) = 2.86 10 3.10 10 300 / = 2.97 10 300 / exp 1.74 exp 1.60 10 (1.21 3 10 ) 2 1.38 10 7.01 10 [ ] E g ev J e 1/T log 10 n i B 250[K] 1000[K] 10 n i [m -3 ] 1E+24 1E+23 1E+22 1E+21 1E+20 1E+19 1E+18 1E+17 1E+16 1E+15 1E+14 1E+13 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1000/T [K -1 ]

(1) 3.1 T=300[K] E g =1.43[eV] 3.2 (3.31) = 2.51 10 / / 300 = 2.51 10 (0.067) / = 4.35 10 [m ] = 2.51 10 / 300 / = 2.51 10 (0.48) / = 8.35 10 [m ] T=300K = 0.0259() = exp 2 =4.35 1.43 10 8.35 10 exp 2 0.0259 = 1.95 10 [m ] (2) = + =10 [m ] (3.32)np = = = = (1.96 10 ) 10 = 3.83 10 [m ] = + =10 4 10 =6 10 [m ] = = = (1.21 10 ) 6 10 = 2.44 10 [m ] (1) + =+ (2) (3.32) =

+ =+ ( ) =0 >0 = 2 + + 2 (3.42)T=300 [K] = ln = 0.0259 ln 5.0 10 2.0 10 (1.21 10 ) = 0.706 [ev]

(4.39) = = C Al 4.3 tan f=2πω tan (4.10)() 4.1 == x= = 0.2 10 100 10 2 1.6 10 = 6.3 10 [m] O-H N-H (C 2 H 5 OH)(H 2 O)NH 3 C-O CO 2 32Kbit256Kbit 100ns 10 12 FeRAM FeRAM IC

FeRAM DRAM 10 15

5.1(a) E g 5.1(b) E F E c p E v E v 5.6 (PE) PET PPPTFE PC PP [-(C 3 H 6 ) n-](c 3 H 6 ) PTFE (tetrafluorethylenec 2 F 4 )-(C 2 F 4 ) n - PC A[BPA(CH 3 ) 2 C(C 6 H 4 OH) 2 ]() (Phenolic)(Epoxy) (UP)(Silicone) 1907

(PE)(PP)(PS) 100 (PC)(PBTPET) PI PC 5.2 PI 350 PI Kapton 1960 DuPont PI (FPC) (1) = () (2)(5.9) () = () = (1) J

() = () () () x ( =0) =0 5.3 () = () = () () = x x=0 d = () = 2 = 2 2 3 J (5.10) = 9 8

6.3 3 [Xe]4f N N=113Sm 3 Tb 3+ Er 3+ 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 mj 0-1 0-1 0-1 -2-2 -2-3 -3-3 (a) Sm 3+ [Xe]4f 5 (b) Tb 3+ :[Xe]4f 8 (c) Er 3+ :[Xe]4f 11 S=5/2, L=5, J=5/2 S=3, L=5, J=8 S=1, L=5, J=6 4 = 4 (0.352 10 ) = 9.17 10 [m ] = 6.4 T=0 [K] = = 510 10 9.17 10 = 5.56 10 [A m ] 5.56 10 = = 0.600 9.274 10 (6.40), =0, = = =. = 1.4 10, = 1 3 1 3 + 1 3 1 3 + 1 3 1 3 + 1 3 1 3 1 3 = 3 + 27 = 5.7 10 3 2.3 10 + = 2.0 10 J 27 m

, >, >, [111][100] [100][110][111](,, )(1,0,0),,0,, E E(a)CDEF (b)fgc = + C D >, < 0 D E F < < 0 FGC F G < > 0 G C >, > 0 = 0M D C 0M D C H H E O E O F G F G F(a)( w d l) () = sin

F(b) x (x>0) w x (, ) = ()B sin = = cos R ρ = = = () = ( cos) 0<x<w/2 / = = / ( cos) = cos 24 1 = 1 = 24 cos = (2 ) 48 =2-d/2<x<d/2 wld 2 = 2 = 6 d t (6.39) y y x w/2 w l -d/2 0 d/2 x () d -w/2 ()

Zn A Fe 3+ B { Fe 3+ 1-xZn 2+ x } 8a { M 2+ 1-x Fe 3+ 1+x } 16d Fe 3+ 1-xZn 2+ x [M 2+ 1-xFe 3+ 1+x]O 4 (1 x)5 + x0+{(1 x)m +(1+x) 5 }={(10 m )x + m } (6.41)H = (6.2) = = ( + ) M = = 1 (6.44)(6.45) = = 1 TMR(6.46) TMR = = = + ( + ) + (6.47) = = = = + ( + ) + + ( + )( + ) 1 =1 + ( + ) ( + )( + ) TMR TMR = 2 1 (6.48) = 2( + ) ( + )( + )

MRAM DRAM FeRAM MRAM 16Mbit RAM MRAM

(1) rot = (rotation) rot rot = = rot = ( ) = :rot = =μ = (7.9) = = (2) λ L λ L m s m 0 =9.11 10-31 kgn S n e =10 28 [m -3 ]λ L 5 10 8 [ m] (1) H = 7.4 (2) B = B 7.4 =

(8.3)hν = [J] = [ev]1.0 [ev] = h = 6.626 10 2.998 10 1.602 10 = 1.240 10 [m] 1 k = 2 = 2 1.240 10 = 5.068 10 [m ] =0 ρ = 0 (8.4a)~(8.4d) =ε (8.4a) = μ (8.4b) =0 (8.4c) =0 (8.4d) = =(8.4b) = = ( ) (8.4c) ( ) = = (8.4a) =0 (8.5a) (8.6) = (8.4a)

=0 (8.5b) (8.20) = 2 = 1.460 1.455 1.460 = 3.419 10 SMF p.183 V V2.4 (8.21) = 2 2 < 2.4 <. =.... = 4.91 10 (m) a 4.9μm p.182 8.3 1.55 μm 0.2 db/km 100km 1.5 μm 1.3 μm 1.6 μm 8.7 PMMA 0.65μm 125 db/km m C-H C-F

LD(Laser Diode) III -V GaAlAs Ga 1-x Al x As x pn (8.24) (8.26)(8.25) (8.27) ħ ħ ħ ħ ħ =ħ (8.26) = + ħ ħ ħ ħ =ħ +ħ (8.27) = +

θ = = 2.175 10 [min./a] 0.30[m] 10 [V/m] = 6525 [min. ] = 108.75 degree=60min.() = = cos( + ) = = cos + [cos(±) = coscos sinsin] =cos( + ) =cos( )cos sin( )sin =cos + =cos( ) sin( )sin =cos( )sin cos sin cos =cos( )sin E cos E cos =sin( )sin cos sin cos =sin( )sin 2 + 2 sin sin +cos cos = sin δ = + 2 cosδ = sin δ x y = = δ = =/2 + = δ =0 =0 = y

θ=tan LED 1/51/820,00040,000 1 14% 13(2009 ) 2 40,000 10 / 10 40W 1000 10 / 3,4 6000 10 / 2 LED GeSbTe () LD(Laser Diode) (8.41) NA LD