3 PET 3-1 PET 3-1-1 PET PET 1-1 X CT MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) X CT MRI PET 3-1 PET [1] H1 D2 11 C-doxepin 11 C-raclopride PET H1 D2 3-2 PET 0 0 H1 D2 3-1 PET
3-2 PET ( : CYRIC ) ( 0 ) 3-1-2 (3-1 ) 180 2 PET 3-3 - 3-1 PET [min] 11 C 13 N 15 O 18 F 68 Ga 20.39 9.965 1.037 109.8 68.10 + [MeV] [mm] [MeV] + 0.961 4.18 14 N(p,) 11 C 3.1 + 1.20 5.40 16 O(p,) 13 N 5.5 + 1.72 8.19 14 N(d,n) 15 O, 15 N(p,n) 15 O 0, + 0.634 2.42 18 O(p,n) 18 F, 20 Ne(d,) 18 F 2.6, 0 +,EC 1.90 9.32 68 Ge[271d,EC]-> 68 Ga -
3-3 3-4 3-3 2 p µ l L2 () l dl exp () l L1 p = exp µ 0 µ 0 () l dl = exp L µ dl (3-1) 0 ()
3-4 PET
3-1-3 2 PET 3-4 1 PET 3 1 PET(3-5 ) ( ) ( 2 ) 2 3 3-5 2 PET 3 PET
3-1-4 3 PET 2 3 3 PET(3 PET 3-5 ) 3 PET 3 SuperTAINS 1 63 ( 20cm) 1 [2] 3 PET PET 18 F PET PET
3-1-5 3 PET 3 3 2 2 [3] 3 PET PET [4] 3 PET 3 PET 2 (4 ) 3 dead time dead time 3 2 [5]
3-2 PET PET 3 PETSET-2400W ( ) 1-1 3-6 3-2-1 850mm 112 595mm 512mm 256mm 4 200mm 200mm 2 3-15 3 3-16 3-6 A) PET 511keV PET 3-2
3-2 PET [6, 7] BGO LSO NaI(Tl) CsF BaF 2 Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 Lu 2 SiO 5 (Ce) 11,53 82,32,8 55,9 56,9 71,14,8 [g/cm3] 3.67 7.13 4.61 4.88 7.4 [nm] 410 480 390 220,300 [nsec] 250 300 5 0.7,620 40 1.85 2.15 1.48 1.56 1.82 100 15 5 8,32 6070 [nsec] 1 3 0.4 0.3 1 8 [%] 18 25 13 15.2 B) [8] (3-7) NaI(Tl) 10-8 sec BGO Bi 3+ [9]
3-7 PET 511keV NaI(Tl) NaI(Tl) 3 BGO BGO PET PET LSO LSO BGO 7.5 1 3.54.5 [10] SET-2400W BGO C) (Photo multiplier) 10 9 sec 10 6 2030% 200V300V 46 10 5 10 =10 7
3-8 SET-2400W 2 ( R1548) 1 2 3-93-3 3-9 2 R1548 3-3 R1548 parameter Value 420[nm] 10 1750[V] 2.510 6 1.8[ns] 20[ns] 1.0[ns] 511[keV] (BGO ) 20[%]
D) [11] SET-2400W BGO 2 2 (3-10)BGO 6 8 48 BGO 48 3-11 BaSO 4 0.15mm BGO BGO BGO BGO BGO 3-10 SET-2400W
3-11
3-2-2 (3-12) 1 4 A,B,C,D BGO X,Y A + C X = A + B + C + D A + B Y = A + B + C + D 3-12 A+BA+C A+B+C+D A/D A+B A+C A+B+C+D XY (POS LUT) (POSITION) (ENERGY LUT) (MULTIPLY) (WINDOW) (270keV) (STROBE)
V (3-13)[8] 3-13 V
3-2-3 [12] 14 (1 32 ) 1 9 (3-14) 9( )7( )63 595mm 15[ns] BGO 1020[ns] 2 3-15 BGO 5 6 3 (3-16) 3-17 3-14
3-15 2 3-16 3
3-2-4 3-17 Table Memory Event Memory 1 Event Memory 128Mbyte 2 Event Memory 4 CYRIC 4 Event Memory Table Memory PET CONT. Table Memory Event Memory 1 347(r )175( ) Event Memory TITAN2( ) dead time Event Memory
3-18
3-3 PET 3-3-1 (3-19) 3-19 PET
A) (2D,3D)E 30 1 3 5 B) (2D)T 2 511keV ( ) C) (2D,3D)N 2D 10000 3D 10 1 D) (2D)B (3-20) 3-20
3-20 16bit -3276832767
3-3-2 N 3-21 N ave D D = N ave N 3-21 ( ) 2 T T B B Acf 2 D = B T T 0 B 55 T B T B ROI(Region of Interset: ) 3 2 T B 3-22 3
B 2 µ ( x, y) + µ ( x, y) ds = ln T 3 µ ( x, y, z) 3 { ( ) } + Acf3 D = exp µ x, y, z dt ( ) µ x, y z B + µ ( x, y) ds = ln T µ x, y, z + 3 exp µ ( ) { ( x, y z) } Acf D =, dt 3-22 3 PET P P = E D Acf 3-23
3-23 SET-2400W 3-4 3-4 SET-2400W [13] BGO 32 [/ring] 672 [mm] 3.86.2530.0 [mm] 595 200 [mm] tangential:3.9(6.3 * [14]),radial:4.0(6.4 * [14]) [mm] [kcps/ci/ml] [kev] [nsec] Direct,cross:4.5 3.9(2D),52.0(3D) 270 15(825 ) * (2DFBP, Butterworse+ramp filter, order 2, cutoff 8mm)
3-3-3 2 [15, 16, 17, 18] f ( x, y) θ p( r, θ ) + p( r, θ ) = f ( x, y) ds 3-1 s y ( x y ) f, θ r x r p( r,θ ) 3-24 f ( x, y) 2 + { πj( αx + y) }dxdy F( α, β ) = f ( x, y)exp 2 β 3-2 r cosθ sinθ x = s sinθ cosθ y 3-3 dxdy = drds { 2πj( αx βy) }dr + + F( α, β ) = f x y ds + (, ) exp + { j( αx + βy) } = p( r, θ )exp 2π dr 3-4 α = ρ cos θ, β = ρ sinθ
F( ρ cosθ, ρ sinθ ) = p( r, θ )exp{ 2πjρr}dr 3-5 + 4-5 θ p( r, θ ) r f ( x, y) 2 θ f ( x, y) π = 2 0 0 { 2πj( xα yβ )} dαdβ f ( x, y) F( α, β )exp + 3-6 d αdβ = ρdρdθ f ( x, y) π π = 2 0 0 { 2 π jρ( x cosθ y sinθ )} ρdρd + F( ρ cosθ, ρ sinθ )exp + = F ρ cosθ, ρ sinθ )exp + 3-7 0 0 { 2πjρ ( x cosθ y sinθ )} ρ dρdθ ( ρ ρ h(r) h r) ρ exp 2 ( + { πjρr} dρ = 3-8 p( r, θ ) h(r) f ( x, y) f ( x, y) = π max p( r, θ ) h( r r ) dr 0 r r max dθ 3-9 p( r, θ ) b( x, y) f ( x, y) 1 psf ( x, y) = 1 2 2 x + y 1 point spread function
+ f ( x, y ) psf ( x x, y y dx dy b ( x, y) = ) 3-10 psf ( x, y) 2 { πj( xα + y )}dxdy PSF( α, β ) = psf ( x, y)exp 2 β = 1 2 2 α + β 1 = 3-11 ρ ρ F( ρ cosθ, ρ sinθ ) ρ (Convolution) r 1 ρ H = 2 r H (ρ) H ( ρ) = ρ B ( ρ) 3-12 w ( ) 1 ρ ρ H B w ( ρ) = 3-13 0 ( ρ ρ H ) 3-25 4-12 ( ) 4( r) 2 ( n r) = 0 n=0 h n r = 1 n: h 3-14 ( ) n: h n r = n π 2 ( r) 2 3-25 2 1
Shepp Logan H 2ρ H ρ) = π 0 ( H πρ ρ ρ H sin 2ρ ρ > ρ H 3-15 3-25 h ( n r) = 2 π 2 2 2 ( r) ( 1 4n ) 3-25 3-16 2D-FBP(Filtered Back Projection) X CT 3-25 Ramachandran-Lakshminarayanan Shepp&Logan
3-4 PET PET + + CON F + 11 C 15 O 13 N 18 F PET 11 C 15 O 13 N 18 F 2 PET 10 18Mev 510Mev 3-26 1m
3-26 1 PET 3-27 5cm 3-27 PET FDG 1 Gunn RN, et al. Parametric imaging of ligand-receptor binding in PET using a simplified reference region model. Neuroimage. 1997 Nov;6(4):279-87.
2 1 3 Michel D, et al. Exact and approximate rebining algorithm for 3-D PET data. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 1997; 15: 145-158. 4 10 3 CT 5, 11, 2 3 PET,. 6,,,,,,. 7, 13, PET,. 8,,,. 9 GALENN F. KNOLL,,,,, pp.240-256. 10, PET, RADIOISOTOPES, Vol.46, pp.733-742, 1997. 11,,,, PET 2, RADIOISOTOPES, Vol.45, pp.229-235, 1996. 12, ECT HEADTOME-V(SET-200W ),, Vol.51, pp.59-65, 1994. 13 (CYRIC), pp.41,2001 11. 14,, ( :SET-2400W)2 3,, Vol. 37, pp.35-41, 2000. 15,,,, pp.84-112. 16,, 14,, pp.108-117. 17,,, pp.103-122. 18, 12, PET,