18 6 6 TOEIC 1989; Ikemura 2001; 2002; 2004; 2006; 2007; 2007 CD [1]

2 49 1 2 122 4 0 49 9122 10 19 21 82 54 58 91.8 49 122

3 297 6 1 2 3

4 4 5 1 1 6 CD

5 3 Stevens and Halle 1967 matching analysis-by-synthesis Baddeley 1986 phonological loop Baddeley et al, 1998 PET fmri 2007 Paulesu et al 1993 2001330msec. holistic sound-processing system 420msec. 1 1 analytic sound-processing system phoneme restoration effectscovel 1998 2002

6 2007 procedure-based architecture constraint-based architecture 1 1 module 2007

7 1 3 2 1 1

8 1 1 2007 Baddeley 1986 2002 phonological short-term store subvocal rehearsal 2

9 2002 21 1 1981; Lively et al. 1994 Vanderplank 1988 Vanderplank 1993 2005; 2008; 2009 2009 20072009

10 5.1.1 Suenobu et al. 1982 2009 5.1.2 20072009

11 5.1.3 Cook 1991 2007 2009 5.1.4 1997, 2005; 2007 2007 prosody shadowing content shadowing prosody shadowing

12 1 2 CD CD 2001 100 2007 5.1.5 100 CD CD

13 2003 2009, 2010 5.2.1 2010 Calef, Piper, and Coffey 1999

14 e-learning 5.2.2 10 throwaway vocabulary Nuttall 2005 Nuttall

15 2000 1 5.2.3 20072009 p.102

16 2007, 2010 climb, skyrocket, soar, rise

17 3 1 2 3 CD CD 1 1 2

18 4 5 4 5.3.1 5.3.2 2009

19 2 2009 5.3.3 1

20 5.3.4 CD

21 2009 2000 267 277 2009 32 4 351 358 2010 34 2 87 94 2002103: 22 29 2007 2001 2001 2007 2008 Language Studies16: 3 34 2002 1981 Acquired SimilarityAcquired Distinctiveness Language Laboratory 18: 11 28. 1989 1997 36: 105 116 2005 2002 2007 50: 103 114 2010 2: 1 8 2009 13: 311 325 2006 42 139 144 2004 2005 71: 85 95

22 Baddeley, A. (1986) Working memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Baddeley, A., C. Papagno and G. Vallar. (1998) When long-term learning depends on shortterm storage. Journal of Memory and Language 27: 586-595 Baddeley, A. (2002) Is Working memory still Working? European Psychologist 7: 85-97 Calef, T., Piper, M. and Coffey, B. (1999) Comparison of eye movements before and after a speed-reading course. Clinical Science, 70: 171-181 Cook V.J. (1991) The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument and multi-competence. Second Language Research, 7: 103-117 Ikemura, D. (2001) How Japanese learners recognize the English words they hear. pp.262 280 Lively, S.E., Pisoni, D.B., Yamada R.A. and Tohkura, Y. (1994) Training Japanese listeners to identify English /r/ and /l/: III. Long-term retention of new phonetic categories. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 96(4): 2076-2087 Nuttall (2005). Teaching reading skills in a foreign language (2 nd ed.). Oxford, U.K.: Macmillan Education Paulesu, E., C.C. Frith and R.S. Frackowiak. (1993) The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362: 342-345 Stevens, K.N. and M. Halle. (1967) Remarks on analysis by synthesis and distinctive features. In W. Wathen-Dum (ed.) Models for the Perception of Speech and Visual Form, pp.88-102. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Suenobu, M., R. Young, K. Kanzaki and S. Yamane. (1982) An analysis of perceptual error: Effect of learning and mechanism of hearing. JACET Bulletin, 13: 83-97 Vanderplank, R. (1988) Implication of differences in native and nonnative speaker approaches to listening. British Journal of Language Teaching, 26: 32-41 Vanderplank, R. (1993) Pacing and spacing as predictors of difficulty in speaking and understanding English, ELT Journal, 47: 117-125 2012 1 31

23 Abstract Understanding Listening Comprehension Process and Improving Japanese Learners Listening Ability MAYUMI NISHIHARA This paper discusses listening comprehension processes involved in learning English as a foreign language, based on a questionnaire study conducted at four-year universities and a senior high school. This paper aims to clarify the factors influencing English listening comprehension, and the related strategies and practice to be taken that may improve students listening comprehension. Through discussion, it will be shown that language teachers have to grasp the factors in each successive stage of listening comprehension, and design classroom activities and practice.

Andrew Gorringe John Anderson 1 50 850 8515 1007 2

THE KWASSUI REVIEW No. 55 The Department of English CONTENTS Understanding Listening Comprehension Process and Improving Japanese Learners Listening Ability Mayumi Nishihara Making Tests Using the Moodle Quiz Module Andrew Gorringe & John Anderson KWASSUI WOMEN S UNIVERSITY Nagasaki, Japan. March 2012