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Changes in the Market Structure of Commercial Aircraft and Technological Development Fuminori Yamazaki Abstract The technical construction of commercial aircraft and the market structure of the industry are analyzed from the angle of the economics and history of technology in this paper. The market structure has changed to respond to social requests from airlines. On the other hand, aircraft manufacturers have pursued technical development which corresponds to a change in the market. First, the market structure of the commercial aircraft is divided into four layers - the small, the medium, the large, and the extraordinarily large firms. And the market is divided into two periods, the first period lasted until the 1970s and the second period started from the 1980s. Second, mass transportation was caused by the speed-up and enlargement of the first period. Speed-up was achieved by the development of the jet engine and the sweptback wing. Enlargement was achieved by the large engine which promotes a huge fuselage. NC Milling Machine was used for the production of sweptback wings. Precision casting turbine blades with high strength under high temperature were used for large engines. Third, a different airplane performance was desired socially in the second period. The competitive environment was changed by the liberalization of air transportation, and airlines requested restraints on the total cost to the aircraft manufacturers. The second period s remarkable technical development produced larger engines and the computerization of flight control. Sensors and indicators were computerized, computers were introduced, and electric wires were used to connect them (Fly by Wire). The Flight Control System was computerized overall. Fuel-efficient navigation by weight saving and the most suitable route flight and a two-man cockpit crew were achieved. Keywords jet engine, flight control, liberalization of air transportation, Boeing, Airbus Correspondence to Fuminori Yamazaki Lecturer / Faculty of Business Administration, Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu-city, Shiga 525-8577 JAPAN E-mail : yamazakif@hotmail.com