B

B09170 5 8

) ( ) π 0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV HI Emissivity (3rd quadrant) -3-4 Abdo et al. 009 (6 months, P6V3_DIFFUSE) Local arm interarm Perseus arm and beyond Emissivity (MeV E -5-6 3 4 Energy (MeV) 5 1:

1 4 1.1..................................... 4 1.................................. 4 6.1.......................................... 6.1.1................................ 6.1............................... 7.......................................... 9.3...................................3.1 π 0......................................3...................................... 11.3.3................................ 1 3 Fermi 15 3.1 LAT....................................... 15 3................................. 18 3..1............................. 18 3.3 (Maximum likelihood)............................. 0 4 (The Third Galactic Quadrant) 4.1...................................... 4.......................................... 3 4..1............................. 4 4.3......................................... 7 4.3.1...................... 7 4.4........................................... 9 4.4.1........................... 9 4.4............................ 3 5 35 1

1................ 1.1 [1]................. 7. [].................... 8.3 π 0....................................4.................................. 11.5.............................. 1.6 π o Fermi [5]... 14 3.1 LAT [6].................................. 15 3. [6]............................... 16 3.3 Front Back [7].................... 17 3.4 Front Back [7]................... 18 4.1 Fermi [11]................... 4................................... 3 4.3 Fermi............ 4 4.4 Local arm H I (cm )........................... 5 4.5 Local arm W WCO (K km s 1 )....................... 5 4.6 E(B V ) res (mag)............................... 6 4.7 TS=00 3 ( ) TS=400 5 ( )......................................... 7 4.8 q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) q DG ( ) q IC ( ).............................. 8 4.9 ( ) ( )....... 9 4. ( ) ( )............. 9 4.11 q HI,1 q HI,3 4......................... 30 4.1 1.6 GeV E 18.1 GeV q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( )................... 31 4.13.................... 3

4.14 ( )................................... 33 4.15 50 MeV - GeV.............................. 33 4.16-0 GeV................................ 34 3

1 1.1 0 GeV 0 GeV 0 GeV- 0 TeV H.E.S.S.(High Energy Stereoscopic System) 50 GeV- 30 TeV MAGIC(Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov Telescope) 0 GeV 1960 OSO-3 1970 SAS- COS-B 1990 CGRO EGRET 008 Fermi LAT Fermi LAT EGRET Fermi 1. v - N(v) e mv kt m k T 4

π 0 5

.1 1 191 1919 V.F..1.1.1.7 3. 15.5 ev 3 knee 18.5 ev ankle 15 ev knee 15 ev knee 19 ev 19 ev ankle 6

.1: [1] (.3 ).1. ρ cr 1 evcm 3 7

.: [] 8

E cr V 67 68 cm 3 E cr = ρ cr V 55 56 erg (.1) τ 7 (=3.16 14 s) E cr τ 41 erg s 1 (.) 51 erg 30 4 erg s 1 41 erg s 1 (.) [3]. H I 1 1 1/ 1 cm H I CO (.6 mm ) CMB(Cosmic Microwave Background radiation) 9

37 3000 K CMB.3.3.1 π 0 π π π 0 8.4 17 s (.3).3: π 0 π 0 140 MeV 70 MeV

( ) Eγ = p γ c ( 1 1 β π ) ( ) 1 β mπ c π β π 1 m π c π 0 E γ p γ E γ = p γ c m π c 1 β π E γ m πc 1 + β π (.4) 1 + β π 1 β π (.3) m π π β π π 70 MeV.6 π 0 1 GeV.3. (.4) [4].4: 1 E ( ) de = 4NZ r dt eαcḡ (.5) bremss 11

N Z r e α r e.8 15 m α 1/137 ḡ ḡ 1 E N(ϵ) N(ϵ)dϵ = AN dϵ ϵ (ϵ E e) (.6) ϵ A A 1 m 3 s 1 N e (E) = κe p I bremss (ϵ) = ϵ AN ϵ κe p de = ANκ p 1 ϵ p (.7).6 π 0 ( ).3.3 (.5) U rad [4].5: ( ) de = 4 dt IC 3 σ T cγ U rad (.8) 1

σ T c γ E e = m e c γ(m e ) E e K = 4 3 hν 0γ ν 0 ( ) ( ) hν0 Ee K 0.5 GeV (.9) 1 ev GeV GeV 1 ev 500 MeV E e E e + de e dn e Ee p de e 1 E e E p e de e (.) K E e K E e E e K 1/, de e K 1/ dk (.11) (.) K p 1 dk (.1) I IC (K) K p+1 dk (.13) p p+1 GeV 3 π 0.6 [3] 13

.6: π o Fermi [5] 14

3 Fermi Fermi Fermi LAT(Large Area Telescope) GBM(Gamma-ray Burst Monitor) LAT 1990 EGRET EGRET 3.1 LAT Fermi LAT LAT (TKR) (CAL) ACD(Anti-coincidence Detector) (3.1) LAT 3.1: LAT [6] 4 4 16 18 15

1 (Front) (0.095 mm) 4 (Back) (0.7 mm) (3.) 3.: [6] CsI (3.1) 16

ACD ACD 99.97 LAT 3 LAT (3.3) LAT MeV 300 GeV 1 GeV EGRET 1500 cm 4 1 GeV LAT (3.4) LAT 1 GeV 1 deg Fermi 1 GeV MeV deg Front( ) 3.3: Front Back [7] 17

3.4: Front Back [7] 3. Fermi 6 5 Fermi raw data FITS(Flexible Image Transport System) Fermi FITS FT1 FT 3.1 FT1 3..1 FT1 3. Fermi 008 8 011 8 48 FT1 1 4 4 1 Transient class 18

ENERGY MeV RA degrees DEC degrees L degrees B degrees THETA degrees LAT PHI degrees LAT ZENITH ANGLE degrees EARTH AZIMUTH ANGLE degrees TIME seconds EVENT ID - RUN ID - LAT ID RECON VERSION - CALIB VERSION - EVENT CLASS 1-4 CONVERSION TYPE 0 or 1 Front=0,Back=1 LIVETIME seconds LAT livetime DIFRSP0 - P7SOURCE DIFRSP1 - P7SOURCE DIFRSP - P7CLEAN DIFRSP3 - P7CLEAN 3.1: FT1 [8] 19

Source class 3 Clean class 4 Ultraclean class Clean class Zenith Angle Zenith Angle Fermi Zenith Angle 0 [9] Rocking Angle Fermi Rocking Angle 50 Rocking Angle Rocking Angle 5 008/8/4-01/8/4 (MET : 39557417-365800000) 50 MeV - 0 GeV Source Class Clean Class 3 Zenith Angle < 0 [deg] Rocking Angle < 5 [deg] P7CLEAN V6 Science Tools ST-09-6-0 3.: 3.3 (Maximum likelihood) L x 1, x,, x n (n ) θ f(x θ) n L(θ x 1, x,, x n ) = f(x 1 θ)f(x θ)f(x 3 θ) f(x n θ) = f(x i θ) i=1 0

[] L L dl dθ = 0 L θ logl(θ x 1, x,, x n ) = θ n logf(x i θ) TS(Test Statistic) ( ) TS TS = (logl logl 0 ) L L 0 n TS n χ χ n 1 χ n 1 TSσ i=1 1

第 4 章 銀河面放射 (The Third Galactic Quadrant) の解析 Fermi 衛星のデータ解析を行う際に Fermi 衛星用解析ツール Science Tools を用いた こ れは Fermi チームによって開発された イベントセレクションから最尤法を用いたモデルフィッ ティングまでの一連の解析を行うことができる解析ソフトである 本研究の解析に用いた Science Tools のバージョンは ST-09-6-0 レスポンスは P7CLEAN V6 である 効率的に解析を行うた めに python や C-shell などのスクリプト言語を駆使して Science Tools を動かした 4.1 解析する領域 図 4.1 に Fermi 衛星で観測した全天マップを示す 黄色の枠で囲んだ領域が今回解析した領 域である 具体的には銀経 l 50 銀緯 15 b 0 である 図 4.1: Fermi 衛星の観測による全天ガンマ線マップ [11] この領域は The third Galactic quadrant と呼ばれる領域の一部である これは天の川銀河を 90 ずつの 4 つの象限 に区切ったものの 3 象限目 (180 l 70 ) に位置することを意味す る この領域には Local arm という太陽系が属する渦状腕と Perseus arm というペルセウス座の 近くに位置する渦状腕があり また本研究ではその間にある星間ガスの少ない領域のことを inter

arm ( 4. ) 4. 1 cm H I 0 18 [1].7 Fermi (0 MeV ) 4.: 4. 4.3 Fermi 4.1 ( l, -6 b -15 ) Orion-Monoceros ( 0 ) ( ) 3

4.3: Fermi 4..1 H I 1 cm [13] 1 cm T s T s = 50 K CO.6 mm W CO (K km s 1 ) E(B V ) res CO E(B V ) ( ) N(H I ) W CO E(B V ) res N(H I ) W CO 4.4-6 4

4.4: Local arm H I (cm ) 4.5: Local arm W WCO (K km s 1 ) 5

4.6: E(B V ) res (mag) Galprop Fermi 4.3 NASA [14] I γ (l, b)(s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 ) I γ = q HI,1 N(H I,1 ) + q HI, N(H I, ) + q HI,3 4 N(H I,3 4 ) + q CO,1 W CO,1 + q CO, W CO, + q CO,3 W CO,3 + q EBV E(B V ) res + q IC I IC + I SO + j P S j (4.1) q HI,i (s 1 sr 1 MeV 1 ) q CO,j (s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 (K km s 1 ) 1 ) q EBV (s 1 cm sr 1 MeV 1 mag 1 ) 1 W CO E(B V ) res I SO (s 1 cm 1 sr 1 MeV 1 ) 6

PS N(H I,1 ) N(H I,3 4 ) W CO,1 W CO,3 H I CO 1 Local arm inter arm 3 3-4 Perseus arm 4.3 4.3.1 4. TS=00 3 TS=400 5 ( 4.7 ) 1 GeV TS=00 (4 ) TS=0 (7 ) TS=00 TS=0 q HI q EBV q IC 4.8 4.7: TS=00 3 ( ) TS=400 5 ( ) 7

-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV E ) ) HI Emissivity Local arm -3-4 TS00 TS0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV -5 Emissivity (MeV E ) HI Emissivity Interarm -3-4 TS00 TS0-5 -6 3 Energy (MeV) 4-6 3 Energy (MeV) 4-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV ) HI Emissivity Perseus arm -3-4 TS00 TS0-1 s -1 sr -1 MeV -5 Emissivity (MeV ) Dark gas Emissivity - TS00 TS0-3 E E -4-6 3 Energy (MeV) 4 3 Energy (MeV) 4-1 E s -1 sr -1 MeV Emissivity (MeV IC normalization TS00 TS0 1-1 3 Energy (MeV) 4 4.8: q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) q DG ( ) q IC ( ) q HI,1 q HI, q HI,3 q DG q IC TS Front 300 MeV TS=0 19 8

4.9- ( ) 0 4. 0 σ = 1 TS=0 Count Map Count Map 0 50 0 50 15 00 15 00 Galactic Latitude [deg] 5 0-5 150 0 Galactic Latitude [deg] 5 0-5 150 0-50 - 50-15 -50-45 -40-35 -30-5 -0-15 - Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] 0-15 -50-45 -40-35 -30-5 -0-15 - Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] 0 4.9: ( ) ( ) Residual: (data-model)/ model 0 3 Residual: (data-model)/ model 900 Galactic Latitude [deg] 15 5 0-5 - 1 0-1 - 800 700 600 500 400 300 00 0-15 -50-45 -40-35 -30-5 -0-15 - Negative Galactic Longitude [deg] -3 0-3 - -1 0 1 3 4.: ( ) ( ) 4.4 4.4.1 π 0 9

1 GeV 0 GeV 4.11 q HI,1 q HI,3 4 4.1 1.6 GeV E 18.1 GeV ) -1 s -1 sr -1 MeV HI Emissivity (3rd quadrant) -3-4 Abdo et al. 009 (6 months, P6V3_DIFFUSE) Local arm interarm Perseus arm and beyond Emissivity (MeV -5 E -6 3 4 Energy (MeV) 5 4.11: q HI,1 q HI,3 4 30

Local arm χ / ndf 6.56 / 7-3 p0 1.6e- ± 6.436e-3 p1-0.6338 ± 0.05066 inter arm χ / ndf 9.737 / 6-3 p0 4.73e- ±.117e- p1-0.7938 ± 0.0576 ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 Emissivity (MeV E -5 Emissivity (MeV E -5-6 4 Energy (MeV) Perseus arm χ / ndf 17.03 / 6-3 p0 7.571e- ±.819e- p1-0.89 ± 0.04797-6 4 Energy (MeV) ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1-4 Emissivity (MeV E -5-6 4 Energy (MeV) 4.1: 1.6 GeV E 18.1 GeV q HI,1 ( ) q HI, ( ) q HI,3 4 ( ) E 4.1 Local arm inter arm Perseus arm 3.7 5 ( 4.13) 50 K T S q HI,1 q HI, q HI,3 4.63 ± 0.05.79 ± 0.06.83 ± 0.05 4.1: 31

4.13: 4.4..3.3 p p+1 4.14 50 MeV - GeV - 0 GeV ( 4.15,16) 1.86±0.0(50 MeV - GeV).70±0.11( - 0 GeV) p + 1 = 1.86 ± 0.0 p =.7 ± 0.04 (4.) p + 1 =.70 ± 0.11 p = 4.40 ± 0. (4.3) 4..7.3.3 3

- -1 sr -1 MeV ) s -1 cm - -3 Flux (MeV E -4-5 data HI Isotropic isotrop_1year_p76r_clean_v0.txt E(B-V) res H (traced by W ) CO IC (free) PS 3 Energy (MeV) 4 4.14: ( ) IC χ / ndf 7.7 / 8 p0 0.0003339 ± 3.931e-05 p1 0.1388 ± 0.004 ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1 Emissivity (MeV E -3-4 -5 Energy (MeV) 3 4.15: 50 MeV - GeV 50 MeV- GeV 1.86 ± 0.0.7 ± 0.04-0 GeV.70 ± 0.11 4.40 ± 0. 4.: 33

IC χ / ndf 5.088 / 5 p0 0.1688 ± 0.1516 p1-0.701 ± 0.111 ) -1 sr -1 MeV s -1 Emissivity (MeV E -3-4 -5 Energy (MeV) 4 4.16: - 0 GeV 34

5 Fermi π 0 1 GeV 1 GeV 00 MeV Front 35

[1] III 008 [] S.P.Swordy. 001, The Energy Spectra and Anisotropies of Cosmic Rays, SpaceScienceRev. 99,85 [3] 004 [4] M.S.Longair. 1990, HighEnergyAstropysics, [5] A.A.Abdo et al. 009, Fermi Large Area Telescope Measurements of the Diffuse Gamma- Ray Emission at Intermediate Galactic Latitudes, P hrvl 3, 11 [6] W.B.Atwood et al. 009, The Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gammma-ray Space Telescope Mission, ApJ 697, 71 [7] Fermi LAT Peromance http://www.slac.stanford.edu/exp/glast/groups/canda/lat_ Performance.htm [8] LAT Data Files http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/analysis/documentation/ Cicerone/Cicerone_Data/LAT_Data_Columns.html#PhotonFile [9] 008 γ γ [] W.R.Leo., T echniquesf orn uclearandp articlep hysicsexperiment [11] Fermi two-year all-sky map http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/glast/news/ gamma-ray-ce\nsus.html [1] M.Ackermann et al. 011, CONSTRAINTS ON THE COSMIC-RAY DENSITY GRADI- ENT BEYOND THE SOLAR CIRCLE FROM F ERMI γ -RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE THIRD GALACTIC QUADRANT, ApJ76 81 36

[13] P.M.W.Kalberla. 005, The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn(LAB) Survey of Galactic HI maketitlefinal data release of thecombined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections, A&A 440,775 [14] http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/ BackgroundModels.html 37