NICT 26 2008/11/15, Word Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff & Tugwell 01; Srdanovic, et al. 08) ( ) I-Language Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage (Newmeyer 03)
(is-a ) ( )?? () // () ()????
? ( )?? ( ) Web
?? (examples) (antiexamples) () vs. * ( ) anti-examples programming/object-oriented design ( (anti-matter) )? () ( ) Fast Mapping ( & Smith 07, 08) (e.g., (Sutton & Barto 98), Memory-based Learning (Daelemans & van den Bosch 05); ( & 08))
() (e.g.,, ) Word Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff & Tugwell 01, Srdanovic, et al. 08, 08) Sketch Engine (Word) Sketch Engine (e.g., ) SkE SkE JpWaC 409,384,405 (BNC 4 ) Web http://nl.ijs.si/et/talks/cojas 7/Ikaho.ppt Word Sketch
Sketch Engine 1. 2. / ( ) 3. 4. 5. Word Sketch 6. (!!) Sketch Engine 1/5 Sketch Engine 2/5 Word Sketch [ pronoun ]* * pronoun () / ( ) 5%25%() => ( ChaSen ) Coord(ination)
Sketch Engine 3/5 Sketch Engine 4, 5/5 + < + <<?* + + <?+ <<??+ NLP 9/ (V) (X),,,, {,},,, Th (e.g.,off, away, up)
X / V Word Sketch [noun ] [pronoun ]* ( 10 50) V X (V, X) Metaphoric = {1, 0.5, 0}: Th = {1, 0}: X <> Loc = {1, 0}: X < > freq, salience Sketch Engine URL : http://clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kkuroda/ data/object-typology-of-cleaningverbs.xls ( ) A. / B.? C. Th? D. (e.g, off) (e.g,,, ) E. Loc/Th?
A B A. / : Salience = (Mutual Information * Log Frequency) Word Sketch X : X {,,,,,...}, {,,,,...} X {, } : X {, } {,,,,, }; {, } Loc Th + X N M = Metaphoric 1 0 X / N M (e.g.,?*) < > V1 V2 < > V M 0.793 + Yes 0.733 + Yes 0.483 + Yes 0.224 + Yes 0.272* + Yes* 0.022 + No 0.02 + No? 0 Yes 0 Yes C D Loc Th + X N Loc = Loc + 0 X / N Th = Th + 0 X / N, Th Loc Loc Th M 1 0 0.793 No 0 1 0.733 Yes 0.501 0.649 0.508 Yes 1 0 0.25* No? 0.221 0.826 0.221 Yes 0.978 0.022 0.022 Yes 0.96 0.04 0.02 Yes 0.833 0.167 0 Yes 0.783 0.217 0 Yes - - - - -, + 0 0 0* + +, + + 0 + + 0 + 0 + + +, 0 + + +, 0 0 + 0 + + 0 0 + + + + (e.g., ) {+, },, off away up Loc vs Th
VX Satellite-frame L (Talmy 75, 76, 85, 03) Verb-frame L SfL ( ) SfL+ V-fL + ( ) SfL VfL (Matsumoto 03) V (e.g., ) X <th(ing to be removed)> <th loc(ation)> (1) (<loc: > ) <th:> (2) <loc: > [cf. *<loc: > <th:> ] (3) a. (<loc: > { ; }) <th:>; b. *<loc: > (4) a. (<loc: >{ ; })<th:>; b. #<loc: > : th Theme (e.g., (1), (3a), (4a)) A OVERALL STRUCTURE R1 A! S: simplification through profiling P: presupposition R1: CLEAN(A, C) A A! E C R2 C! S R1 R3 B B! S R3: DETACH-FROM(B, C) B B! R3 C C! B is theme; C is source P S P C C! C is primary affectum (thing or location); A is agent R2: REMOVE(A, B) A A! R2 B B! B is primary affectum (thing only); A is agent Alternate E. Loc/Th? : X X Loc Th X X <> : X X Loc Th : X X Loc X <> (product)? X R1 C R2 B R1 primary/foreground X = C R2 primary/foreground X = B X (B C ) primary affectum? R3: A clean B primary
<> X Th Loc F1:!<A remove C from B> F2:!<A clean B (of C> (is-a <A improve B>) F3:!<C detach-from B> (implied <C disappear-from B>) {F1, F2, F3} F1 F2 primary Loc/Th F1 C F2 B F3 Theme Loc (= Theme Source) X C=Th B=Loc Affectum Intended Result Product 1. R (e.g., ) P = {p1, p2,...} 2. P ( I!!) G(P) = {g1, g2,...} I 3. G () (e.g, ) (e.g., )
References [1] () () Daelemans, W. and van den Bosch, A. (2005). Memory-Based Language Processing. Cambridge University Press. Kilgarriff, A. and D. Tugwell (2001). WORD SKETCH: Extraction and Display of Significant Collocations for Lexicography. Information Technology Research Institute Technical Report ITRI-01-12. Matsumoto, Y. (2003). Typologies of lexicalization patterns and event integration: Clarifications and reformulations. In S. Chiba, et al. (eds.), Empirical and Theoretical Investigations into Language: A Festschrift for Masaru Kajita, (pp. 403-418), Tokyo: Kaitakusha. Newmeyer, F. J. (2003). Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage. Language 79 (4): 682-707. References [2] References [3] Srdanovic Erjavec, I and Erjavec, T. and Kilgarrif, A. (2008). A web corpus and word sketches for Japanese. J. of Natural Language Processing 15/2. Sutton, R. S. and Barto, A. (1998). Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (1975). Semantics and the syntax of motion. In J. Kimball (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 4 (pp. 181-238), Academic Press. Talmy, L. (1976). Semantic causative types. In M. Shibitani (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 6: The Grammar of Causative Constructions. Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 43-116. Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description III: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon (pp. 57-149), Academic Press. Talmy, L. (1991). Path to realization. BLS 17, 480-519. Smith, L. B. (2008).. 25. (2008).. 25. -, I (2008). Sketch Engine. 24: 59-80.