4.2.2 1326 0
OH Hydrolysis C2H5OCHCH2 H2O C2H5OH CH2CH O RCOR NaOH aq - RCONa+ O R OH RCNR O H H2O RCOH O R NH2 CH2CH2 O C O CH2 H2O H2O HOCH2CH2CH2COH O 4 RCN RCNH2 O 1
RCNH2 O CH2 CH2 (CH2)n CNH CH CN H2O RCOH O (CH2)n CO CH COOH NH3 H2O R Mg I RH H2O Mg (OH) I 2
Alcoholysis RCOOR R OH RCOOR R OH Methanolysis R Cl CH3OH ROCH3 H Cl CH3OH R Mg Cl 2+ - RH Mg OCH3) Cl - - ( ) Mg OCH3) Cl DOC 2+ - Ethanolysis R Cl C2H5OH ROC2H5 H Cl 3
Acidolysis RCOOR R COOH R COOR RCOOH Acetolysis CH3CO ROCCH3 CH3COOH ROH O O CH3CO 4
Thiolysis R Cl R SH RSR H Cl Thiohydrolysis CH3CSCH3 O H2S CH3CSH CH3SH O CH3COCH3 O H2S CH3CSH CH3OH O 5
Cyanolysis NaCN R Cl RCN Na Cl RCCl HCN RCCN H Cl O O 6
7 Ammonolysis NH3 RCNH2 H2O O RCOH ONH3 RCNH2 R OH O RCOR ONH3 C2H5OCCOC2H5 O OH2NCCNH2 2 C2H5OH O O NH3 H2NCCH2CH2CH2OH O4 CH2CH2 C CH2 O O
CH3CO CH3COH O NH3CH3CNH2 O CH3CO NH3 Mg (NH2) I R Mg I RH 8
)n ThermolysisPyrolysis O O COOC CO O CO2 CH2CHCl CH2CH Cl CH2CH Cl CH2CHCl CH2CH ClCH2CH Cl ( CH2CH Cl 3 C2H2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH3 2 CH2CH2 9
2 CH4 C2H2 3 COOH CH2 COOH CH3COOH CO2 CO2 CH3 2 CH3 CH3 2 CH3CHCH2 CH2CH2 CH3CHCHCH3 2-10
Photolysis h R(CH2)4ONO R(CH2)4O NO RCH(CH2) 3OH NO RC(CH2) 3OH NO 11
Radiolysis CH2CH CH2CH CN CH2CH CN CH2CHCH2CH CN ( CH2CH )n CN CN CH2CH 12
Oxidolysis CH3 KMnO4 CH3 CH3CHCCH3 CH3COOH Na I O4 2- -2- OCCH3 - - OH O MnO4 O KMnO4 CH3CH2CH2CHCH2 CH3CH2CH2COOH CO2 Na I O4 1- Ozonolysis CH3CH2CHCH2 H2OZn H H 1- OCHO3 CH3CH2CO - OH O O3 O 13
CH3 CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COOH CH3CCH2 H2OZn CH3 H CH3CO OCHO3 O3O2 H2O CH3(CH2)7COOH HOOC(CH2)7COOH 1,7-14
CN CH3CH2CH2CCH2 CH2 CHOH CH3CH O CH2 CN (CH2)n CH2 CN CH2 (CH2)n CNH CH CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2 CH3 1-2- CH3 CH2CCH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3CCHCH2CH3 2-1- 2-2- 15
Cl SO3H RCOOR R OH RCOOR R OH RCl CH3OH ROCH3 H Cl RCl R SH RSR H Cl RCl NaCN RCN NaCl RCOH NH3 RCNH2 H2O O O CH3 Cl2 CH3 CH3 H2SO4 SO3 CH3 OH H2 H2O 16
H2 R RH ArSO3H H + H2O ArH H2SO4 D2O + + ArH D ArD H C2H6 Cl2 h C2H5Cl HCl CH3CH2CH2OH HBr CH3CH2CH2Br H2O n- NO2 H2SO4 HNO3 H2O CH3 I Mg CH3 Mg I Mg 17
CH3CH2 Br Mg CH3CH2 Mg Br Mg + CH3 Br 2 Li CH3 Li Br Li 2 CH3Li Cu I CH3 CH3Cu Li I () Cu + HCC Li C2H5Br HCCC2H5 Li Br- 1- - 2+ - C2H5 Mg Br CH3CCH C2H6CH3CCMgBr -1- MgCH3CH2CH2CH2 Li CH3CCHn- - + CH3CH2CH2CH3CH3CC Li n- -1- Li 18
H2 CH2CH2 H2 CH3CH3 RCN H2 RCH2NH2 CH2CHCl Cl2 Cl2 CH CH2 Cl 1,1,2- CH3CHCHCH3 CH2N2 h CH3CHCHCH3 N2 CH2 2-1,2-19
20 CH2 (CH2)n CO CO2 CH2 CH2 (CH2 )n CO CH COOH CH3COOH CO2 COOH CH2 COOH CH3CH3 CH2CH2 H2 1,3- CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2CHCHCH2-2H2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2 1- M -H2 M -H2 -H -H - +
O O Br RC NH2 - RNH2 CO3 2-21
2 C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5 -H2O O O COH C O -H2O COH C O O C2H5ONa 2 CH3COOC2H5 CH3COCH2COOC2H5 -C2H5OH CH3CHCH2CHO -H2O CH3CHCHCHO OH 22
O2 CH3CH2OH CH3CHO -H2 CH3CHO O2 CH3COOH CH2 CH2 O2 CH2 CH2 O 23
RCN RCH2NH2 NO2 NH2 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2COOH 3 H2 2 H2O- 24
- + RCOOH NaOH RCOONa + H2O - + RSO3H NaOH RSO3Na + H2O - + NR4 OH H Cl NR4Cl + H2O NR4Cl NaOH NR4 OH + NaCl RSO3H NaCl RSO3Na + HCl RSH NaOH RSNa + H2O ROH H2SO4 ROH2 + +HSO4 - ROH Na RONa + H2 2 - + 1 25
+ - - + HCCH LiNH2 HCC Li NH3 Li - + 1 HCCH HCCNa H2 2 NaNH3 HCCH aq AgNO3 HCC Ag HNO3 Ag- HCC Li H2O+ HCCH LiOH+ - - + + - HCCAg HNO3 aq HCCH AgNO3 26
CH3COONa H Cl CH3COOH Na C - + + + 2- CH3COONa H2SO4 CH3COOH NaH SO4 H COOC2H5 + - C Na OC2H5 H COOC2H5 - COOC2H5 + HC Na HOC2H5 COOC2H5 - + + - + - - + + - RONa H2O ROH NaOH 27
+ R3N HCl R3NHCl +R1 R1 - O HX OH X R2 R2 2 NH2CH2CH2NH2 2 H2O Cu 2+ H2O CH2NH2 NH2CH2 Cu CH2NH2 NH2CH2 H2O 2+ 2 NH2CH2COOH Cu 2+ 0 CO O NH2CH2 Cu 2 H CH2NH2 OCO 28
HOOC CH2 CH2COOH N CH2 CH2 N Cu HOOC CH2 CH2COOH 2+ O C O CH2 C CH2 O N + Cu CH2 + 4 H O N CH2 C CH2 O O CH2 C O 2- H3CCNOH 2+ 2 Ni H3CCNOH O HO H3CCN NCCH3 + Ni + 2 H H3CCN NCCH3 OH O 0 29
Ca C2 H2O C2H2 Ca OH 2 CO2 + 2 NH3 H2N COO NH4 H2NCNH2 H2O O 30