1
2
3 40 13 (0.001%) 71 24,000 (1.7%) 385 425 111 1,350,000 (97%) 125 (0.009%) 40 10,000 (0.7%) 25 (0.002%) 10 3 km 3 10 3 km 3 /y
4 +1.3 +5.8 (21) () ( )
5 HNO 3, SO 2 etc
6
7 2009年度 環境地球化学 大河内 10種雲形と発生高度 15 km 巻雲 巻積雲 巻層雲 10 km 高積雲 5 km 高層雲 乱層雲 層積雲 0 km 層雲 上層雲 巻雲 巻積雲 対流圏上層の雲 ほとんど氷晶 中層雲 高積雲 上層 一部氷晶 下層雲を刺激 (シーダー) 下層雲 層雲 凝結核 多 水分量 高 雲水量(LWC) 大
8
9 PV γ = const γ= C p / C v cf. PV = const ( ) C p C v T 2 T 1 = V 1 V 2 γ- 1
10 P 2 T 2 V 2-47 q P 1 T 1 V 1
11 2009年度 環境地球化学 大河内 雨の生成機構 暖かい雨 水蒸気が大量に発生する低緯度 冷たい雨 中 高緯度
12 µ 0.001 mm 0.1 mm 0.1 mm 3 mm
13 2009年度 環境地球化学 大河内 静止空気中を落下する水滴の形 13
14 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 S/V (cm -1 ) V t (cm sec -1 ) k g (cm sec -1 ) S/V = 6 D p k g V t D p V t = 958 1 - exp - 0.1710 k g 1.147 10 0 k g = K g D p D p V t 2 + 0.6 ν 1 2 ν K g 1 3 10-1 10-2 10-1 10 0 10 1 Diameter D p (mm) K g 14 ν
15 (Cloud Condensation Nuclei,CCN) (nucleation scavenging) CCN (Cloud Interstitial Aerosol,CIA) CCN
16 µm < 1 µm CCN Junge d 0.4 µm 0.4 µm d 2 µm d Whitby (fine) d 2 µm d 0.1 µm 0.1 µm d (coarse) 2 µm d 2 2 µm µm
17 1 % CCN 10 2 cm -3 10 3 cm -3 S N C N c = CS k (0.2 < k <0.5) C=310, k=1/3 C=6000, k=2/5
18 CCN 1 % µm 0.1 µm 0.01 CCN 1 % 10-20 % CCN
19
20 (Clausius-Clapeyron) 1 de s e dt = ΔH RT 2 s e s ΔH
21 r* ( ) e 2σ e = e exp s nktr * e s σ n k (1.381 x 10-23 J deg -1 molecile -1 ) T (K) = (e e S )/e S 100
22 0.5 µm X 0.4%(X) 0.4 % ( µm) 0.5
23 () e e = f eʼ e f
24 m (M s ) r i(m / M s ) 4 3 πr3 ρ m / M w ρʼ M w i f = 4 3 πr3 ρ m / M w = 1+ 4 3 πr3 ρ m / M w + im / M s imm w 4 M s 3 πr3 ρ m 1
25 i = C C =1+ (n 1)α Π = CRT i R C (mol/l)
26 r*eʼ e = exp 2 σ e s n ktr * 1+ ( ) eʼ e s imm w 4 M s 3 πr3 ρ m 1
27 0.4 % ( < 0.5 µm) 1 A 2 B ( ) 0.5 3 0.4 %
28
29 20µm: ( ph CCN 1
30 interceptional collision inertial collision diffusional collision
31 (d 0.1 µm) (d 1 µm) 0.1 µm d µm 1 Greenfield gap
32
33 (Liquid Water Content, LWC) L 0.05-3 (g of water m -3 ) 0.02-0.5 (g of water m -3 ) (liquid water mixing ratio) w L w L (vol water/vol air) = L 10-6 (g m -3 )
34 C f A aq (mol L 1 air ) C g (mol L 1 air ) p g = C g RT C aq = [C A (aq)](mol L water 1 ) w L (L water L air 1 ) K H p g w L =10 6 K H p g L =
35 f A = K H p g w L RT p g = K H RTw = L 10 6 K H RTL X A aq = C aq C aq + C g = f A C g C g ( f A +1) = f A 1+ f A K H RTw L = 10 6 K H RTL X A aq = 1+ K H RTw L 1+10 6 K H RTL
36 Moderately soluble Very soluble
37 SO 2 + H 2 O ( ) SO 2 H 2 O (aq) [SO 2 H 2 O] = K H (SO 2 ) p SO2 SO 2 H 2 O (aq) HSO 3 - + H + (aq) K = [HSO ][H + ] 3 a1 [SO H O] 2 2 HSO 3 - SO 3 2- + H + (aq) K = [SO 2 ][H + ] 3 a 2 [HSO ] 3
38 [SO 2 (aq)] tot = [S(IV )] tot = [SO 2 H 2 O(aq)]+ [HSO 3 (aq)]+ [SO 3 2 (aq)] = [SO H O(aq)] 1+ K a1 2 2 [H + ] + K a1k a2 [H + ] 2 K (SO ) 1+ K a1 H 2 [H + ] + K a1k = a 2 [H + ] 2 p SO2 K eff (SO 2 )
39 K eff (SO 2 ) K eff (CO 2 ) ph 1 8 K eff (SO 2 ) K eff (CO 2 ) 44
40 SO 2 H 2 O HSO 3- SO 2-3 S SO 4 2- S 6 H 2 O 2 O 3 O 2 ( ) NO 2
41 H 2 O 2 (aq) + H 2 O ( ) HO 2- (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) HSO 3- (aq) + H 2 O 2 (aq) SO 2 OOH 2- (aq) + H 2 O ( ) SO 2 OOH 2- (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O ( )
42 d[s(iv )] dt = k[h 3 O+ (aq)][h 2 O 2 ][HSO 3 (aq)] 1+ K[H 3 O + (aq)] k = (7.5 ±1.6) 10 7 M 1 s 1, K =13 M 1 ph ph S(IV)
43 ph 5.5 O 3 H 2 O 2 S(IV) + O 3 (aq) S(VI) + O 2 (aq) d[s(iv )] dt = {k 0 [SO 2 H 2 O(aq)] + k 1 [HSO 3 (aq)] +k 2 [SO 3 2 (aq)]}[o 3 (aq)] k 0 = (2.4 ±1.1) 10 4 M 1 s 1 k 1 = (3.7 ± 0.7) 10 5 M 1 s 1 k 2 = (1.5 ± 0.6) 10 9 M 1 s 1
44
45 1) ΔV = 0 2) ΔP = 0 3) ΔT = 0 4) P q = 0 V
46 (reversible process) P ext (irreversible process) P V 1 46 P = nrt V T=const V 2 w rev w irrev V
47 H = U + PV ΔH = q p H U P V ΔH = ΔU + PΔV ΔH = ΔU + Δ(PV) (sensible heat)
48 ( ) q = CΔT Q, ΔT
49 C = lim Δq ΔT 0 ΔT = d q dt C v C v = d q dt dv = 0 = d q v dt = du dt C p C p = d q dt dp= 0 = d q p dt = dh dt
50 C p = + nr C v C p C v R PV dʼq = du - dʼw = du - (-P ext dv) = du + P ext dv P ext = P gas = P dʼq = du + PdV PV=nRT d(pv) = P dv + V dp = nr dt P dv = nr dt - V dp dʼq = du + nr dt - V dp
51 C αn ncα C(1-α) Cʼ =C[1+(n-1)α]
52