2 A Study of the Economics of Organization from the Viewpoint of Barnard s Theory C. I. Barnard observed in the last chapter of his book The Functions of the Executive (1938) that there was a need for, but we did not have a science of organization (in his words, there is no science of organization or of coöperative systems). O. I. Williamson, being the famous researcher of transaction cost economics, gave attention to Barnard s words and suggested a conception of new science of organization. This article compares the conception by Williamson to a conception of science of organization on the basis of Barnard s theory. It is argued that these two theoretical positions differ in the concept of organizational boundaries and the method for grasping phenomenon. Yoshikazu Niwamoto JEL M100 Keywords science of organization; boundary of organization; behavioral knowledge; internal point of view; action-intuition, knowing in action I 61

69 2 = NPO Barnard,C.I. Jouvenel,B.de 1) 1) 1978 40 148 62

Parsons,T. 2) 1951 P. Selznick 3) TVA 1949 4) 1978 H.A. 5) K. 2) 1986 115 3) 1938 1957 1958 2006 369 4) 5) Simon, H.A. 1957 Administrative Behavior (second ed.), Macmillan, p.xlviii. 63

69 2 6) J.K. 7) 1960 1970 8) O.E. Williamson 9) The Functions of the Executive 1965 2009 xvii 1978 Models of My Life, The MIT Press, 1996. 1998 135 6) Boulding, K. 1956 The Image, University of Michigan Press, p.153. 1962 189 7) Galbraith, J.K. 1967 The New Industrial State, Hamish & Hamilton Pelican Books, 1969, p.137. 8) K. H. K. J. Arrow 1974 The Limits of Organization, W.W.Norton& Company. 1976 Leibenstein H. 1976, Beyond Economic Man, Harvard University Press. 9) Williamson, O.E. 1975 Market and Hierarchies, The Free Press. 1980 The Functions of the Executive 1938 50 Williamson, O.E. ed. 1990 Organizations Theory From Chester Barnard to Present and Beyond, Oxford University Press. 1997 64

10) 1959 11) E.T. 12) 13) 14) 1970 1980 15) 10) T. = 1979 = = 657 3 13 11) Penrose, E.T. 1959 1980 The theory of the Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, pp.15-24. 1962 1980 20-31 3 1995 2010 57 12) Ibid., p.17, p.20, footnote. 13) 1967 RBV Resource Based View 14) 8 1967 The Economics of Discretionary Behavior: Managerial Objectives in the theory of the Firm, Prentice-hall. 1982 1970 Corporate Control and Business Behavior: An Inquiry into the Effects of Organization From on Enterprise Behavior, Prentice-Hall. 15) 30 50 8 65

69 2 16) 1930 1931 17) 1936 R 18) 1934 1937 1938 a joinder the new science of organization 1930 16) 2006 216-222 17) 1913 18) Commons, J.R. 1934 Institutional Economics: Its place in political economy. 66

19) II 19) Williamson, O.E. ed., 1990 op. cit., p.4. 2 67

69 2 1 20) 1991 R.H. Coase = 21) 22) 20) 43 3 2003 21) Coase,R.H. 1988 The Firm, The Market, The Law, The University of Chicago Press. 1992 9 2 1937 22) Williamson, O.E. 1975, p.20. 35 68

23) 23) 20 30 69

69 2 2 = 2009 1990 24) = Nelson,R.R. and S.G.Winter 25) R.N. R. Langlois 26) N.J. N.J. Foss Holmstrom intrinsic core ancillary capability 24) RBV 25) Nelson,R.R. and Winter, S.G. 1982 An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, pp.6-11. 2007 9-12 M. 2 2006 65 1983 26) Langlois 70

61 the firm as a repository of tacit knowledge 27) 28) 2 27) Langlois, R., & Robertson 1995 Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theoy of Business Institutions. NTT 2004 15-16 28) 71

69 2 29) 30) = RBV Resource-Based View RBV M. tacit knowing Tacit Dimension 19661980 tacit knowing tacit knowledge 1993 29) Foss, N.J. 1993 The Theory of the Firm: Contractual and Competence Perspectives. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3 : pp.127-144. p.127 30) 2014 No.8. 72

tacit knowing = tacit knowledge references 3 N. Luhmann 31) 31) Luhmann, N. 1992 34 73

69 2 32) = = 33) 34) 32) 2008 49 31 95-101 33) 99 34) 74

1938 35) 1947 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 35) Copeland, M.T. 1940, The Job of an Executive, Harvard Business Review, Vol.18, No.2, p.154. 36) Simon, H.A. 1957, op. cit., p.113. 159 235 37) 1971 Vol.5, No.1 38) 1977 136 39) 1998 13 14 40) 2007IT News Letter Vol.3, No.2 75

69 2 = 41) 2 3 vs 41) 2006 4 1983 6 1991 11 1986 76

III 1 2015 80 1938 1 I. The Functions of the Executive 3 1 Organization and Management 1948 1 W.B. Philosophy for Managers 1986 1 The honor of Dr. A. Lawrence Lowell s invitation 3 1937 11 12 The Functions of the Executive 8 77

69 2 20 5 10 3 1938 3 20 1938 12 1 L.J. executive practice 3 3 78

authority 150 = 1930 79

69 2 = = sympathy J.S. 1920 1930 2 H.I Ansoff Corporate Strategy 1965 A.D. Chandler Strategy and Structure 1962 1960 80

= = 1960 Markets and Hierarchies 1975 1975 15 Organization Theory From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond 1990 1975 81

69 2 M Williamson, 1975: 77 Simon, 1957,: 12 42) 43) = 42) Granovetter, M. 1985 Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness, American Journal of Sociolgy, 91, pp.481-510, p.495. 1998 275-276 43) Williamson, O.E. 1990, Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond, 1990, p.201. 1995 268-269 82

(1) (2) (3) (4) 1975 1975 4 5 1975 15 1990 Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond 1988 50 83

69 2 44) 1990 - science of administration p.186. 250 45) = 8 satisficing = economizing IV 44) 2015 351 45) rely very substantially on very 84

1 2 50 1990 p.5 4-5 p.187, 250 1 pp290-291 85

69 2 1988 2 practical knowledge behavioral knowledge = 86

= = = 87

69 2 46) act 46) 1997 88

action activity 89