158 citation form c. N T Archangeli Underspecification T Underspecification Contrastive Underspecification Radical Underspecification T Underspecifica

英 語 冠 詞 再 訪 高 橋 直 彦 0. 2010 1 2000, 2009 2 1 2010 N 2000, 2009 T 14 0 a. N T 2 b. N 1 3 T Phonetic Implementation 1 1988 TM IA IP 1 sign signature <http://raspberries.jp/sign.html> <http://raspberries.jp/kaku.html> <http://raspberries.jp/np.html> 2 2 T changing processes template - matching filling - in processes 1990, 1992, 1996a, b 3 Optimality Theory OT 1 1995, 2000 15

158 citation form c. N T Archangeli Underspecification T Underspecification Contrastive Underspecification Radical Underspecification T Underspecification CU RU Underspecification CU RU Underspecification unfeasible 4 d. b, c N T N T 5 e. a, c N IP T TM Nondistinctness Principle distinct template - 4 CU RU Archangeli 1984, 1988, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1989, Mohanan 1991, Itô, Mester & Padgett 1995, Steriade 1995 1995 Pairwise Algorithm Archangeli 1988 Dresher 2008 The Successive Division Algorithm TM PA SDA PA SDA Underspecification 11 deep depth CV - tier 2 C cone conic CV - tier 2 X C C 5 Cf. Knowledge often progresses in a spiral, turning a full circle, but never going back to the same point Mohanan 1986 : 3. Dresher 2009 pp. 4-5 16

matching filling - in processes 14 1 3 17

158 2 <http://raspberries.jp/2.html> 18

1. 2010 N 2010 N 0b N 3 4 6 7 the ð 6 proclitic 7 1 4. 22 fatal cf. 2 Hansson 2010: 15 fn 7 ia In the diagram in ia, X k is shown as having its own feature specification G on the relevant tier, which gets eliminated delinked as part of the spreading process. This is by no means necessary; the harmony in question might just well be a feature - filling operation, if target elements X k can be assumed to lack specifications on the F / G / H tire. Hansson OT 19

158 and/or 5 1 3 0d 8 i TM 0a, c, e 8 3 the ð the Tom Gally ðí: ð Neal Snape ðí: 20 a éi toke: to ke e to ke i to ke e to ke i a éi the ðí: Cf. 11 N /æn/ n /ði:/ ðí: ðí cf. 20

0a N archiphoneme Underspecification cf. 0c 9 cf. 0d 6 6 N IP IP IA Hokett 1954, 1955 1995, 2005 10 2010b : 95 0d 14 10 T 9 cf. 0a 21

158 cf. 5 derivation - independent grammar TM T 1 vs. derivation - dependent grammar IP N 1 N 7 7 /æ/ /æ/ about a local locality a about a / / local locality a æ about a 22

about a local locality a about a local locality a a an N a an 9 about a local locality a famous ei infamous a 13 net n autumn autumnal n bet bomb bombard b bomb bombard b T N autumn n bomb b e.g. N TM e.g. T Nondistinctness Principle 0e 14 cf. 2 2 TM 1995, 1996a IP e.g. N e.g. 7 10 10 7 a/an /æn/ / n/ N /æn/ n /æn/ / n/ /æn/ n n N 23

158 7 11 1b vs. 1 T T N T 9 e.g. CV - tier 2 N / / T N 14 AI n autumn n bomb b N SWSW n /æn/ n /ði:/ ðí: ðí TM CV - tier 11 7 5 Dresher 2009 pp. 4-5 N 7 24

a ei 2. 2000, 2009 T N 2000, 2009 T 0b N 3 T N vs. T proclitic 1 T T TM 7 the ð and/or 4 14 Kiparsky 1982a, b, 1985 and/or paralinguistic factors 12 12 comfortable k vmf t bl k mft bl ð 25

158 8 13 8 i : a an n the ð ði ii : a éi an n the ðí: iii : the ð 0a N 6 7 9 TM T T Nondistinctness Principle Underspecification cf. 0c, e 4 14 9 12 DP 16 9 a/an 2 2 9 2000 : 107 autumn autumnal 13 ii a éi famous ei infamous ei famous ei éi 14 N ðí: ðí 3 26

9 3 9 a. b. 27

158 c. a an d. a an 6 1995, 2008, 2010b TM T derivation - independent grammar IP N derivation - dependent grammar 14 15 OT Cf. 1995, 2000 3. 2010b : 6 TM IP TM N /æn/ N 14 N OT 15 TM 28

16 éi n cf. <http://jbauman.com/gsl.html> the 1 a 5 1 N cf. 7 T 7 2005a, b, 2008, 2009 10 17 10 16 NP DP cf. Abney 1987 Det Det NP NP cf. Culicover and Jackendoff 2005 9 15 DP NP DP DP Sunday, Monday, and Saturday 17 10 N default V /N/ coarticulation and/or 29

158 n n e.g. n n /n/ n n n m /N/ Underspecified entity unfeasible divine divinity autumn autumnal bomb bombard 11 7 e.g. 7 1 N 6 /æn/ N /p/ /æn/ /n/ in Paris /In/ /n/ N 30

/æn/ /n/ /In/ /n/ 2000 12 11 31

158 12 N the ð ði T sonority profile : SP proclitic the ω i the pear, man, etc. ii the apple, enemy, etc. 18 SP i ii the hiatus SP the 2 2 i 2 1 2 19 18 /j/ 2009 19 N 6 AI Onset cf. 15 hêtre C SP i SP c : tse: se vs. f : εf εf / θ 32

9 an n 20 <http://raspberries.jp/> tab 3 13 3. Web 3 3 2 3 Web 20 12 the 9 heuristic ð vs. ði the the ð / ð vs. ði the ði 8 Tom Gally the ð ð ð n an n N 33

158 13 34

3 s t IPA 21 3. 2010 1 2000, 2009 2 N T 21 Hansson 2010 : 43 fn 4 most aboriginal languages of Australia and New Guinea lack fricatives altogether, or have only /s/, and a great number of Austronesian languages also have no more than one sibilant. 35

158 14 4. TM 22 15 2005c illegal ll innumerable nn irregular rr 22 cf. 7 轻 请 tc h in 轻 k h i 请 ts h i 2 36

2005c illegal l innumerable n irregular r 37

158 Popper 1973 Objective Knowledge Whenever a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you have neither understood the theory nor the problem it was intended to solve. Abney, S. P. 1987 The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect, Ph. D. thesis, MIT, Cambridge MA. Archangeli, Diana 1984 Underspecification in Yawelmani Phonology and Morphology. Ph. D. thesis, MIT, Cambridge MA. 1988 Aspects of underspecification theory, Phonology 5, 183-207. Archangeli, Diana & Douglas Pulleyblank 1989 Yoruba vowel harmony, Linguistic Inquiry 20, 173-217. Culicover, P. W. and R. Jackendoff 2005 Simpler Syntax, Oxford University Press. Hansson, G. Ó. 2010 Consonant Harmony : Long - Distance Interaction in Phonology, University of California Press. Dresher, B. Elan 2008 The contrastive hierarchy in phonology, in P. Avery, B. E. Dresher and K. Rice eds. 2008 Contrast in phonology: theory, perception, acquisition, Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 11-33. 2009 The Contrastive Hierarchy in Phonology, Cambridge University Press. Hockett C. F. 1954 Two Models of Grammatical Description, Word 10, 210-31 ; Joos, M. ed. 1957 Readings in Linguistics, American Council of Learned Societies, 386-99. 1955 A Manual of Phonology, Baltimore : Waverly Press. Itô, J., A. Mester & J. Padgett 1995 Licensing and Redundancy : Underspecification in optimality theory, Linguistic Inquiry 26 : 571 613. Kiparsky, Paul 1982a From cyclic phonology to lexical phonology, in H. van der Hulst and N. Smith eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, vol. 1, Dordrecht : Foris, 131-175. 1982b Lexical phonology and morphology, in I.S. Yang ed. Linguistics in the Morning Calm, vol. 2, Seoul : Hanshin, 3-91. 1985 Some Consecuences of Lexical Phonology, Phonology 2, 85-138. Mohanan, K. P. 1986 The Theory of Lexical Phonology, Dordrecht, Holland : Reidel. 1991 On the bases of radical underspecification, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 9 : 285-325. 2010 2010 10 30 Steriade, Donca 1995 Markedness and underspecification, in John A. Goldsmith ed., The Handbook of Phonological Theory, Blackwell, 114-174. 1990 19 29-60. 1992 21 33-70. 1995 110 107-78. 38

1996a 113 163-214. 1996b rhotics 1996 127-8. 1997 - ng - 117 129-172. 2000 29 67-114. 2005a Economy in Phonological Theory 2005 9 28 2005b EPSJ 7 2005 12 3 2005c in - un - 142 53-75. 2008 63 2008 11 24 2009 /j/ /j/ 154 91-103. 2010a 155 55-68. 2010b 156 95-104 39