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1 環境と視覚 視覚工学の応用 21 年 1 月 29 日視覚工学 環境と視覚 周囲に影響される見え ホワイト効果 コンテキストと見えの明度 コンテキストと色の見え コンテキストと大きさ知覚 1999, John H. Krantz

2 コンテキストと大きさ知覚 Lightness appearance T T T 1999, John H. Krantz Side view of experimental booth Results of five subjects Back Room Front Room Color appearance N5 7.5YR5/6 Front view of the apparatus

3 Neutral Perception in Each Room 写真に対する空間認識と色の恒常性 空間認識 : 部屋 写真 y D I.31 Mean of 5 subjects x 部屋に対する空間認識 では 写真を空間のように見せればどうなるか? Dimension-Up Viewing Condition Normal Viewing Condition 観察条件 (a) 写真 + 周囲 色恒常性 : 低 (b) 写真のみ 色恒常性 : 高 3 次元情報あり vs. 3 次元情報なし (c) Jumbled 写真色恒常性 : 低

4 結果 Adaptation and face perception (a) 写真 + 周囲 (b) 写真のみ (c) Jumbled 写真 色恒常性の成立度 完全色恒常性 Color Constancy index (%)1 色恒常性なし (a) (b) (c) 写真 + 周囲 写真のみ Jumbled 写真 色の恒常性には空間的構成の認識が重要 Gender, Ethnicity, Expression

5 Results Differences between groups a) 1 Gender-single 8 b) 1 Gender-multiple 8 % Female 6 4 F M % Female 6 4 F M 2 2 Male Neutral Female Male Neutral Female % Japanese c) 1 Ethnicity 8 6 J 4 C Adaptation condition % Expression 2 d) Adaptation condition 1 Expression 8 F-C 6 H-A D-S 4 % Female % Japanese Caucasian Neutral Asian Adaptation condition Expression1 Neutral Expression2 Adaptation condition Female Male Asian (New) Asian (Resident) Caucasian Observer Observer Adaptation and the perception of blur 色の恒常性 Experience in Early Infancy Is Indispensable for Color Perception Yoichi Sugita, Current Biology (24) pp Early visual experience is indispensable to shape the maturation of cortical circuits during development ex) monocular deprivation loss of binocular vision Is early experience also necessary for color perception? Is color perception an inborn property or formed by an environment?

6 Macaca fuscata (Japanese monkeys) Illumination conditions 4 Japanese monkeys Reared in a room 1 month after birth Could not see a normal spectrum of colors Illuminated by monochromatic light for 12 hr a day Peak wavelength: 465, 517, 592 or 641 nm Changed randomly every minute All 3 cones were activated Infant monkeys Reared in a room under monochromatic (unnatural) lights for a year Normal lighting Red Green Blue (grayscale photo) Monochromatic LEDs A normal room Energy (normalized) 1.5 Sprctral ditribution of LEDs L M S LED 465nm LED 517nm LED 592nm LED 641nm One year after birth, they were moved to a normal-animal room Illuminated by sunlight or fluorescent lamps wavelength (nm) Examples of Sunlight Fluorescent lamps Subjects Experimental animals 4 female Japanese monkeys Hana, Momo, Suzu and Wendy Control animals 1 male and 3 female Japanese monkeys Migi, Pino, Seki and Yama ( Human ) YA, KH, NU Color perception tested Matching (Color discrimination) Similarity (Color categorization) Identification (Color constancy) General procedure Training Experiments To touch to the target Reward; a drop of grape juice

7 Matching to sample Training (Brightness matching) Sample (Luminance;.2, 3.5 or 23 cd/m 2 ) 2 secondary (test) stimuli One of them was identical to the sample Task; to touch test stimulus with the same luminance as the sample 1~5 trials/day Criterion; 95%~ correct responses for 3 days Results - Brightness matching All 4 monkeys learned the task as fast as normal monkeys Color matching They are tested on whether they could transfer the learned rules to a colormatching task. Stimuli Red, Yellow, Green, Blue Luminance: 15 cd/m 2 Results - Color matching The normal monkeys transfer the rules easily Color-deprived monkeys had difficulty The same level as normal ones after extensive training (average 31.5 days, 55,56 trials) On brightness On color Similarity judgment Task To touch the one of test stimuli more similar to the sample Every combination of 15 colors. The dissimilarity score A tree cluster analysis Results - Similarity Human Normal Deprived

8 Results - Similarity They could learn similarity judgment on brightness and transfer to the color task Their color categorization quite different Human and normal monkeys Similar strategies for the similarity judgment Color-deprived monkeys Different strategy Patterns did not change even after 9 months Identification Task To identify red chip Touch target if it was red Touch black chip if a target was not red Training 5 Munsell chips Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple Continued until their performance reached a criterion Identification Test phase 2 Munsell chips 1 responses for each Under 2 different illumination conditions Results white illumination Normal Deprived

9 Results 2nd illumination Normal Deprived Results Identification Under first (white) light Deprives monkeys could identify the hue Under second light Severe deficits Wavelength dominated The deficits Not restored even after 9 months Suggesting critical periods of normal color perception Conclusions Color matching OK Color similarity Quite different Color constancy Severe deficits Wavelength dominated Early visual experience is also indispensable for normal color perception Further Questions Different tasks processed in different parts of cortex Color constancy - V4 (V1?) Categorical perception - Inferior temporal cortex? How would the color deprivation in infancy disrupt the maturation of these neural circuits? 手術着 視覚工学の応用 お医者さんの手術着 : 緑色 青色 明るい照明下で何時間も手術 血の赤色への順応を和らげる

10 道路標識 道路標識 : 緑色 青色 薄明視でも目立つように プルキンエ現象 桿体と錐体の分光感度のピークの差 プルキンエ移行 プルキンエ現象 暗所視 ( 桿体 ) 明所視 ( 錐体 ) Original image 1 (lx) 1 (lx) 1 (lx).1 (lx).1 (lx) イメージバンプ 道路デザイン 視覚工学の応用 画像 : カメラ ディスプレイ RGB 画像 3Dシアター 照明 : 蛍光灯 LED 明るさ感 建築 : 空間デザイン デザイン : 商品 ヒューマンインターフェース ユニバーサルデザイン 色覚異常の視覚特性 高齢者の視覚特性 ロービジョンの視覚特性 etc. 視覚の時間特性 3D 映画 CFF( 臨界融合周波数 ) 5-6 Hz 蛍光灯 1-12 Hz(5-6Hz 商用電源 2) CRTモニター 映画 テレビ

11 両眼立体視 立体視鏡 立体上映方式 古典的な赤青眼鏡によるアナグリフ方式 原理の発見は 1853 年 最初の興行記録は 1915 年 192 年代には小さなブーム パッシブ ステレオ ( 偏光方式 ) 原理は 1891 年に考案 1932 年にポラロイド社を設立したエドウィン H ランドによって実用化 IMAX(R) 3D シアターやテーマパークなど 左右の画像を交互に表示するアクティブ ステレオ ( 時分割方式 ) 原理自体は古くからあり 1922 年ハモンド オルガンの発明者として知られるローレンス ハモンドによって考案 実際に一般化したのは 液晶シャッター眼鏡が登場した 198 年代に入ってから 映画業界 :29 年 3D 映画元年 RealD 円偏光を利用 XpanD スクリーン側に設置された発信器より超高速でタイミング信号が発信 メガネは超高速で右目と左目を交互に表示 右目と左目に別角度の映像を見せて立体視 Dolby3D XpanD にかなり近い方式 色調が高速で切り替わる映像を使って デジタルプロジェクタで投影 メガネでは 左右違う色調フィルタを使った画像の分離 IMAX3D( デジタル ) RealD とほぼ同じ ただし IMAX という設備自体に大きな特徴 音響が良く大音量で 映像明度が高い IMAX 専用のフィルムを使用 3 波長型蛍光灯 錐体の分光感度 照明 - 蛍光灯 白色 LED 照明 ディスプレイ -LED 単色 LED 白色 LED の分光分布 S 桿体 ML 青色 LED 緑色 LED 赤色 LED

12 カメラ ホワイトバランス 色の恒常性 オート (AWB) 晴天 晴天日陰 明るさ感指標 Feu パナソニック電工 & 篠田博之 ( 立命館大学 ) 曇天 蛍光灯 スピードライト 明るさ感指標 明るさ感 空間を観察する視線方向に同じ輝度を持つパッチを入れても明るさ感の高い空間ではより暗く 低い空間ではより明るくパッチが知覚 人間の視覚特性を応用して 空間の明るさ感 を定量化する方法が 篠田教授開発の 色モード境界輝度法 間接照明の空間など 今まで照度で評価することが難しかった空間の明るさ感を数値で表現できる指標 Feu が導出 ユニバーサルデザイン 高齢者 黄変化体験ゴーグル 明るさ低下 色覚異常 色弱模擬フィルタ シミュレーション ディスプレイ 高齢者の視覚 白内障疑似体験ゴーグル 水晶体の弾力性低下 老眼 硝子体の濁り 飛蚊症 水晶体の透過率低下 瞳孔径の縮小 暗順応機能の低下 眼内散乱 ( 角膜表面 水晶体 眼底 ) の増加 グレアの増加 その他機能の低下 ( 色覚関連では ) 水晶体の黄色化 白内障 色識別能力の低下 彩度の見えの低下 その他 パナソニック小浜朋子 パナソニックの製品開発者はこのゴーグルで白内障の見え方を擬似体験し 製品のボタンや文字の視認性などを検証 白内障 : 加齢により目の水晶体が濁り ものが見えにくくなる現象で 65 歳 ~69 歳では 7% 7 歳代では 9% 85 歳以上ではほぼ 1% の人

13 高齢者水晶体擬似メガネ 監修 : 岡嶋克典 ( 横浜国立大学 ) 開発製造元 : ジオマテック株式会社販売元 : ナモト貿易株式会社 高齢者と若年者の分光感度 高齢者と若年者の視覚の分光感度の違い 短波長領域で高齢者の感度低下が見られる 水晶体加齢モデル (Two-factor モデル ) に基づき 75 歳の平均的な水晶体分光透過率を 32 歳の平均的な水晶体分光透過率で割ったものに近い分光透過率 32 歳前後の若年者がメガネを装着することにより 疑似的に 75 歳の水晶体とほぼ同じ分光透過率を有する状態で観察 高齢者の視覚体験器 静岡工業技術センター 岡嶋克典 ( 横浜国立大学 ) 瞳孔径の縮小を考慮 網膜照度の低下 暗順応機能の低下 高齢者を考慮した照明条件 (JIER-61) 高齢者の視覚特性を考慮した照明視環境の基礎検討 視覚特性の年齢効果に関する研究調査委員会 ( 照明学会 ) 色覚異常 色覚異常の分類 色覚異常の名称については 議論があるが 3 色型 2 色型 1 色型 1 色型異常 (Monochromacy) 錐体 1 色型 Cone monochromatism 桿体 1 色型 Rod monochromatism 2 色型異常 (Dichromacy) = 色盲第 1 色覚異常 Protanopia; missing L-cone 第 2 色覚異常 Deuteranopia; missing M-cone 第 3 色覚異常 Tritanopia; missing S-cone 3 色型異常 (Anomalous trichromacy) = 色弱第 1 色覚異常 Protanomaly; anomalous L-cone 第 2 色覚異常 Deuteranomaly ; anomalous M-cone 第 3 色覚異常 Tritanomaly; anomalous S-cone L M S L M S L M S L M S L M S L M S Figure from Neitz Color Vision Lab

14 色光に対する錐体応答 2 色型色覚異常の分光感度と色の見え 3 色型色覚 2 色型色覚 二色型色覚の色の見えモデル (Brettel et al.) 同一混同色軌跡上の色の見えをする混同色軌跡上のある色に代表させることで二色型色覚の色の見えを再現 色弱模擬フィルタ 色弱模擬フィルタ バリアントール y.5 575nm y.5 575nm y.5 E E E 66nm 485nm 475nm x Protan 475nm x Deutan x Tritan 色弱模擬フィルタ フィルタ分光特性設計 色弱模擬フィルタ 中内研究室 ( 豊橋技科大 ) : 分光特性設計 伊藤光学工業 ( 株 ): 光学フィルタとして実現 篠森研究室 ( 高知工科大学 ): 評価 経済産業省の産学連携プロジェクト

15 色覚シミュレーション Vischeck simulates colorblind vision. 色覚シミュレーションモニター FlexScan U(EIZO) Some colorful hats. As seen by a person with deuteranopia. As seen by a person with protanopia, another form of red/green deficit. UDing 東洋インキ カラー UD パレット作成ツール シミュレーション & 色変換ツール 東洋インキ独自のカラーテクノロジーと豊橋技術科学大学情報工学系中内茂樹准教授の視覚科学研究結果とが 世界でも類を見ないユニークなカラー UD 支援ツールを実現 Color Universal Design チョーク 緑色レーザーポインター リモコン コピー機操作盤 測定器 地下鉄表示 視覚工学の応用 画像 : カメラ ディスプレイ RGB 画像 3D シアター 照明 : 蛍光灯 LED 明るさ感 建築 : 空間デザイン デザイン : 商品 ヒューマンインターフェース ユニバーサルデザイン 色覚異常の視覚特性 高齢者の視覚特性 ロービジョンの視覚特性 etc. 人間が関わる限り あらゆる商品 設計において人間の視覚特性を考慮する必要性

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