IEEE CSMA WiFi WiFi WiFi IEEE802.11b/g 2.4GHz 13 3 [1] AP IEEE AP AP AP 2 3 AP [1] OFDM Scenargie 1.7 [2] 150m 150m AP Spearman 2. Fractio

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1 網羅的シミュレーションによる 都市部無線 LAN チャネルの性能予測モデル 梶田 宗吾1 山口 弘純1 東野 輝夫1 梅原 茂樹2 齊藤 文哉2 前野 誉3 金田 茂3 高井 峰生1,4 浦山 博史2 山田 雅也2 概要 本研究では 基地局が密に設置されているような都市環境において WiFi のチャネルで予想 される被干渉の程度を フレーム監視により得られる各チャネルでの干渉トラフィック量と RSSI ならびに隣接チャネルの占有パターンに基づき相対的に予測する手法を提案する これにより 各 チャネルにおける絶対性能値を推定するのではなく 複数のチャネルから相対的に良好なチャネル を選択することを目的とする 予測は事前に代表値を用いた網羅的シミュレーションとその重回帰 分析によって得た性能影響予測モデルを用いて行うが その際 なるべくシミュレーション総数を 抑制しながら網羅性を維持する方法を提案している 提案手法を評価するため 複数のアクセスポ イントの干渉が予想される現実的なシナリオにおいてシミュレーション実験を行った結果 最良の 性能を達成可能なチャネルを推定し かつチャネル間の相対性能による順位が実測とほぼ一致した ことを Spearman の順位相関により確認した 1. はじめに WiFi は近年 3G や LTE 通信網のオフローディング の有力な手段として注目を集めており 多くのサービ スプロバイダーが都市の至るところに WiFi アクセスポ イントを設置している 例えばアメリカの大都市では AT&T や Time Warner Cable などが屋外の公衆 WiFi アクセスポイントを提供しており 日本の携帯電話会社 も各社が都市部の商業施設を中心に WiFi 基地局を展開 している また ライセンス不要の産業科学医療用バ ンドは医療機器やコードレスフォンなどの非無線 LAN 通信機器も利用している 高度交通システム ITS の 路路間通信ならびに路車間通信への応用も研究されつ つあり 例えば路肩に設置したカメラセンサ などか ら取得した車両感知情報と周辺信号に設置された路側 機からの路車間収集情報を路側機間で ISM 帯を介して 共有する事により サービス提供者および機器導入の 必要があるサービス享受者の双方に対し低コストな高 大阪大学 大学院情報科学研究科 Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University 住友電気工業 株 Sumitomo Electric Industries, LTD. スペースタイムエンジニアリング Space Time Engineering カリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校 University of California, Los Angeles 図 1 都市部における WiFi 干渉源の例 度交通制御サービスを提供できる可能性もある このように ISM 帯を活用した多種多様な通信シス テムが期待される反面 固定および移動基地局数および そのクライアント数 トラフィックは増加の一途をた どり 干渉による接続品質への影響が深刻化している 例えば図 1 のように 都市部では干渉源となり得るオ フィスの AP アクセスポイント コンビニやショッ プ カフェに設置された公衆無線 LAN サービス用 AP 移動体としてのモバイルルータや車載 WiFi などが一過 的あるいは継続的にトラフィックを発生するため そ の継続時間や干渉強度によっては通信品質に与える影 響が無視できない ライセンス不要の帯域 あるいは ライセンス帯域だが複数のサービス提供者がコーディ

2 IEEE CSMA WiFi WiFi WiFi IEEE802.11b/g 2.4GHz 13 3 [1] AP IEEE AP AP AP 2 3 AP [1] OFDM Scenargie 1.7 [2] 150m 150m AP Spearman 2. Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) [3] [4], [5] CSMA/CA [6] [7] Bluetooth WiFi [8]

3 RSSI [9] L2 SNR RSSI [10] WiFi WiFi WiFi RSSI [11] IEEE MAC WiFi [12] [13] WiFi [14] [12], [14] Gibbs WiFi IEEE RSSI 3. 2 IEEE802.11g AP AP 2 WiFi AP WiFi 2 WiFi CSMA/CA AP IEEE802.11MAC RSS Atheros WLAN Riverbed AirPcap IEEE802.11g RSS RSS

4 5 RSS k AP I(k) IEEE MAC k AP s(k) k RSS s(k) I(k) RSS(SS ave ) s(k) = SS ave θ min θ max θ min (1) θ min θ max RSS RSS IEEE802.11g -90dBm -50dBm k t(k) t(k) I(k) 1 d IEEE802.11b/g b t(k) = 8 d b (2) c(k) c(k) AP k 1 h c(k) = h k c max (3) c max RSS c max = 3 h k > c max RSS IEEE802.11b/g 1 WiFi ( Atheros ) iwconfig AP RSS RSS AP AP 2 8 RSS 5 11 AP RSS AP AP SNR RSS n s n t s(k) t(k) K h 0..c max { (c max+1)c h (n s n t ) h} (4) C ) (cmax+1)c h h (n s n t ) h h

5 RSS n rs = n tr = 30 c max = 3 659,020,863, ( 1 ) c(k) s(k) t(k) ( 2 ) s(k) t(k) ICI ( Inter-Channel Interference ) ICI 1 RSS AP RSS ( 3 ) {k 1, k 2,..., k L } K s(k 1 ) t(k 1 ) s(k 2 ) t(k 2 ),... s(k L ) t(k L ) ( 4 ) RSS f single (k 1 ), f single (k 2 ),..., f single (k L ) c(k 1 ), c(k 2 ),..., c(k L ) ICI f multi f multi ICI ICI 2 AP 100m AP AP AP t(k) Scenargie [2] iperf iperf-udp-rate-bps s(k) AP AP 10m 300m 10m (i) AP (ii) AP MAC 3 30 s(k) 30 t(k) n s = n t = 30 3 ICI 4 c(k) = c max + 1 AP f single (k) = c 1 +c 2 s(k)+c 3 t(k)+c 4 s(k) t(k)(5) ICI c(k) Coefficient adjusted R 2 c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 (delay) / / / ICI c(k) Coefficient adjusted R 2 c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 (Throughput) / / / c(k) = 0 AP AP t(k) c(k) = 1/3 AP s(k) t(k) AP SNR

6 4 ICI 5 ICI (Y ) s(k) c(k) = 3/3 0.8 c(k) = 3/ (0,1,2,3) s(k) t(k) ICI ICI ICI 2 3 f multi = d 1 + d 2 c(k 1 ) + d 3 f single (k 1 ) +d 4 c(k 2 ) + d 5 f single (k 2 ) +d 6 c(k 1 ) f single (k 1 ) +d 7 c(k 2 ) f single (k 2 ) (6) 4 7 c(k 1 ) * 1 7 = c max 54 f single (k 1 ) 7 c(k 2 ) 54 f single (k 2 ) ICI f multi 5 6 fmulti 1134 X *1 AP ICI (Y ) 5. f multi AP 4 AP 150m 150m 7 ITS AP 5Mbps AP1 AP2 WiFi 5m AP1 AP2 AP3 AP4 1.5Mbps 3Mbps 2Mbps 3Mbps BPSK 3/4 9Mpbs 4 AP f multi AP 1 13 f multi

7 3 ICI Coefficient d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d 6 d 7 adjusted R 2 delay Throughput f multi Y1 Y2 7 4 Node Coords. Channel Target AP ( , ) to be determined Target Client ( , ) to be determined Interference AP 1 ( , ) 1 Interference Client 1 ( , ) 1 Interference AP 2 ( , ) 7 Interference Client 2 ( , ) 7 Interference AP 3 ( , ) 7 Interference Client 3 ( , ) 7 Interference AP 4 ( , ) 11 Interference Client 4 ( , ) 11 8 f multi Y1 Y fmulti 5 6 Spearman Channel Model Simulation ID Indicator Ranking Delay (s) Ranking Channel Model Simulation ID Indicator Ranking Throughput (%) Ranking fmulti

8 6. WiFi WiFi WiFi IEEE RSSI Scenargie Spearman SCOPE No [1] LAN (DICOMO 2014) pp (2014). [2] Space-Time Engineering, LLC: Scenargie, [3] Giuliano, R., Monti, C. and Loreti, P.: WiMAX fractional frequency reuse for rural environments, Wireless Communications, IEEE, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp (2008). [4] Sheng, J., David NC, T., Joseph B, S., Jilei, H., John E, S., Roberto, P. et al.: Multicell downlink capacity with coordinated processing, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol (2008). [5] Karakayali, M. K., Foschini, G. J. and Valenzuela, R. A.: Network coordination for spectrally efficient communications in cellular systems, Wireless Communications, IEEE, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp (2006). [6] Jindal, N., Andrews, J. G. and Weber, S.: Bandwidth partitioning in decentralized wireless networks, Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 7, No. 12, pp (2008). [7] Veronesi, R., Tralli, V., Zander, J. and Zorzi, M.: Distributed dynamic resource allocation with power shaping for multicell SDMA packet access networks, Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 2004), Vol. 4, pp (online), DOI: /WCNC (2004). [8] Mishra, A., Shrivastava, V., Agrawal, D., Banerjee, S. and Ganguly, S.: Distributed channel management in uncoordinated wireless environments, Proc. of the 12th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2006), ACM, pp (2006). [9] Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., Biswas, S., Judd, G. and Morris, R.: Link-level Measurements from an B Mesh Network, Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications, SIG- COMM 04, New York, NY, USA, ACM, pp (online), DOI: / (2004). [10] Rayanchu, S., Patro, A. and Banerjee, S.: Airshark: detecting non-wifi RF devices using commodity WiFi hardware, Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIG- COMM conference on Internet measurement conference, ACM, pp (2011). [11] Malone, D., Clifford, P. and Leith, D.: MAC Layer Channel Quality Measurement in , Communications Letters, IEEE, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp (online), DOI: /LCOMM (2007). [12] Mhatre, V., Papagiannaki, K. and Baccelli, F.: Interference Mitigation Through Power Control in High Density WLANs, Proc.of 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, pp (online), DOI: /IN- FCOM (2007). [13] Akella, A., Judd, G., Seshan, S. and Steenkiste, P.: Self-management in Chaotic Wireless Deployments, Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom 05, New York, NY, USA, ACM, pp (online), DOI: / (2005). [14] Kauffmann, B., Baccelli, F., Chaintreau, A., Mhatre, V., Papagiannaki, K. and Diot, C.: Measurement- Based Self Organization of Interfering Wireless Access Networks, Proc. of 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, pp (online), DOI: /INF- COM (2007).

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