(biome) polymorphism sibling species ph 3.2 vs vs vs (endotherm) (ectotherm) 2

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1 (Ernest Haeckel, 1869) oikos + logos oikos + nomics (Krebs, 1972) Begon/Harper/Townsend Ecology: Individuals, Populations, and Communities. (2nd ed.) (1990) 3 (human ecology) (1980) (organism) (population) 2 (community) (2005) 2 2 1

2 (biome) polymorphism sibling species ph 3.2 vs vs vs (endotherm) (ectotherm) 2

3 (physiological time) x 17.5 = 5 x 14 = (acclimatization) (acclimation) (acclimatization) desert honeysweet Allen Bergmann

4 3.13 ph 3.14 (ecological niche) Hutchinson (1957) fundamental niche realized niche (Tilman, 1982) 4.2 ( nm) 800, 850, nm 44% 3 4.5% 1 3% % (1) (2) (3) C3, C4, CAM C3, C4, CAM C4 C3 C4 C3 C4 C4 CAM 300 ppm % Na, Cl Mn, Zn, Cu Bo, Cr, Co, F, I, Se, Si, V 2 4

5 (omnivore) (herbivore) (carnivore) omnivore 40:1 8:1 10:1 = exploitation competition (territory) (interference competition) ( Recommended Dietary Allowance ) 2005 (Dietary Reference Intakes) * N N B D I E N = N + B D + I E *1 2SD n-6 n-3 B1 B2 B6 B12 C A E D K Mg Ca P Cr Mo Mn Fe Cu Zn Se I Na K 5

6 (unitary organism) (modular organism) 5.4 (Capture-Mark-Recapture Method) semelparous iteroparous (migration) (dispersal) 6

7 Vanessa cardui 6.4 (sand martin)

8 (carrying capacity) K N r dn/dt = rn S dn/dt = rn(k N)/K r 8 Plethodon glutinosus P. jordani Galium hercynium G. pumilum (Tansley, 1917) Chthamalus stellatus Balanus balanoides α α, r, K dn 1 dt dn 2 dt = r 1 N 1 (1 N 1 K 1 α 12N 2 K 1 ) = r 2 N 2 (1 N 2 K 2 α 21N 1 K 2 ) 9 Optimal Foraging Theory monophagous oligophagous polyphagous (Rostrahamus sociabilis) White pine Red pine Jack pine, White spruce Jack pine (Horton, 1964) Tinbergen,

9 (monophagous) (oligophagous) fit (polyphagous) (OFT) Lotka Volterra (Lotka-Volterra Model) N r a C f q dn dt = rn a CN dc dt = fa CN qc 10 detritivore * (bacteria) (fungi) sugar fungus 3 (1) (2) (3) 10.3 *2 9

10 2,3,7,8- PCB (1) (2) Zooprophylaxis 11.5 prevalence intensity 11.6 Darwinian Medicine Darwinian Medicine Nesse and Williams Scientific American

11 (hypoferremia) G6PD (Katz, 1987) G6PD G6PD G6PD X G6PD X G6PD G6PD 11

12 G6PD G6PD (Golenser et al., 1983) G6PD G6PD 2 G6PD G6PD (Manihot esculenta) (HCN) HCN HCN (cassareep) 100 g NaCN 235 mg HCN HbS mg/kg body weight/day kg 100 g G6PD G6PD G6PD G6PD G6PD AIM (AIM Developing Team, 1994) (HYV) HYV (, 1993) 1980 pfmdr pfcrt 28 pfcrt (digestive vacuole) Fp9= ferriprotoporphyrin IX hemozoin Fp9 Fp9 hemozoin (Warhurst, 2001) 12

13 =symbiosis =mutualism N 1 2 N 2 α > 0 dn 1 dt dn 2 dt = r 1N 1 (K 1 N 1 + α 12 N 2 ) K 1 = r 2N 2 (K 2 N 2 + α 21 N 1 ) K 2 α Facultative (symbiont) host host symbiont Obligate for one partner Obligate for both partners 12.4 B

14 13.1 Forrester H.T. Odum E: P: F: I: ,000 km , FAO/WHO 1 kg g Na Ca P Cu Zn K Mg Mn Fe Fe Mn BMI 100 mg 50 mg WHO WHO (Necator americanus) (, 1991) (LDH) LDH LDH LDH LDH (Nakazawa et al., 1996) 14

15 (2003) (2003) (2005) (2002) (2004) (2000) [ ] (1994) (1982) (1980) (1994) (1996) (1975 ) (1994 ) 15

16 Nesse RM, Williams GC: Evolution and the origins of disease. Scientific American, 29(5): 86-93, * 3 Nakazawa M, et al. (1996) Iron nutrition and anaemia in malaria endemic environment: Haematological investigation of the Gidra-speaking population in lowland Papua New Guinea. British Journal of Nutrition, 76: *3 16

2.1 2 DNA Individual-Based Simulation Dyke (1980) honorable use 2 eg. 2

2.1 *2 DNA Individual-Based Simulation Dyke (1980) honorable use *2 eg. 2 nminato@med.gunma-u.ac.jp 2011.6.27 1 1.1 (anthropology) 2 (cultural anthropology) (ethnology) (physical anthropology) 1.2 (ecology) ecology (Ernest Haeckel, 1869) oikos + logos *1 (Krebs, 1972) Begon/Harper/Townsend