Transcription

1 Research Series 6 Reconsidering Ruth Benedict Conflict Resolution, Culture and Sino-Japanese Relations Symposium Proceedings December 6, 2008 Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development Studies, Ryukoku University

2

3 Research Series 6 Reconsidering Ruth Benedict Conflict Resolution, Culture and Sino-Japanese Relations Symposium Proceedings December 6, 2008 Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development Studies, Ryukoku University

4 The logo mark of the Afrasian Centre is adopted from an Adinkra symbol of Siamese crocodiles in the ancient kingdom of Asante that existed in what is now the Republic of Ghana, West Africa. It is a popular symbol of peace and unity, as Siamese crocodiles share a stomach, or the same ultimate goal, even if they tend to fight with each other.

5

6

7

8 RA PD RA This publication has been supported financially by the Academic Frontier Centre (AFC) research project at Ryukoku University In Search of Societal Mechanisms and Institutions for Conflict Resolution initiated and funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (-) along with generous support from the Ryukoku University th Anniversary Foundation. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development Studies. No part of this publication shall be reproduced in any form without the permission of the author/s and the Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development Studies.

9 Ruth Fulton Benedict

10

11

12 NHK NHK Glossary Index

13

14

15 Benedict =

16 New School for Social Research

17 independent thinkers Thorstein Veblen Charles A Beard John Dewey J. B. W.E.B. New School New School Elsie Clews Parsons - Franz Boas - Pliny E. Goddard - New School Zuni American Museum of Natural History

18 Benedict Edward Burnett Tylor - Tylor Race: Science and Politics Benedict Race and Racism

19 Gene Weltfish - tenure chair

20 D.C. Office of War Information: OWI Alexander Leighton - OWI Foreign Morale Analytical Division: FMAD OWI FMAD OWI SCAP

21 Margaret Mead - An Anthropologist at Work Mead = Sonia Ryang Reading Benedict, Reading Mead Janiewski and Banner Japan Focus Lummis Japan Focus Toru Uno Uno Uno Uno Judith Schachter Modell Margaret Caffrey =Virginia Heyer Young Other interdisciplinary

22 interdisciplinary Rhoda Métraux - The Study of Culture at a Distance Mead and Métraux interdisciplinary Benedict Banner, Lois, W.. Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and their Circle. New York: Vintage Books. Benedict, Ruth.. Patterns of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. =. (orig. ). Race: Science and Politics. New York: Compass Books Edition, Revised =.. Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict. American Anthropologist. : -.. (orig. ). The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. =

23 . (orig. ). Japanese Behavior Patterns: What shall be done about the Emperor. = NHK Caffrey, Margaret M.. Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Austin: University of Texas Press. = Geertz, Clifford.. Works and Lives. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Handler, Richard.. Critics Against Culture: Anthropological Observers of Mass Society. Madison: Wisconsin University Press. Janiewski, Dolores and Lois W. Banner, eds.. Reading Benedict, Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Lapsley, Hilary.. Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Two Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Lummis, Douglas.. Ruth Benedict s Obituary for Japanese Culture. Japan Focus (July, ) Mead, Margaret. (reprint of orig.) An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Mead, Margaret and Rhoda Métraux eds. (reprint of orig.) The Study of Culture at a Distance. Berghahn Books. Modell, Judith Schachter.. Ruth Benedict: Patterns of Life, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ryang, Sonia.. Japan and National Anthropology. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Tylor, Edward B.. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray & Co. Young, Virginia Heyer.. Ruth Benedict: Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern. University of Nebraska Press (Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series). Uno, Toru.. How to Critique: Lummis on the Legacy of Ruth Benedict, Japan Focus (December, ) a. - b. - c. -

24

25

26

27 Foreign Morale Analysis Division: FMAD Office of War Information: OWI Far Eastern Liaison Office: FELO

28 Psychological Warfare Branch: PWB Psychological Warfare Political Warfare FELO Office of the Coordinator of Information: COI Office of Strategic Service OSS OWI G- CBS Voice of America: VOA OWI OSS OWI OWI FELO

29 FELO FELO FELO J J J J J JK JL JM JX LJ FELO,, OWI OWI OWI

30 W.H. H.A. FELO Allied Translator and Interpreter Section: ATIS FELO J FELO J LJ JFELO

31 G- surrender cease resistance Post- War Programs Committee: PWC FELO RG Entry Box

32 Sansom W.H. OWI FMAD OWI

33 Military Intelligent Service: MIS FMAD FELO

34 Leighton, Alexander H.. Human Relations in a Changing World. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company. Sansom, George B.. Japan, A Short Cultural History. New York: Century. - FELO Intelligence : - NHK : -

35 Dower =

36 Institute for Pacific Relations IPR Dower IPR Office of War Information: OWI Benedict = IPR Geoffrey Gorer Douglas Haring Helen Mears Gordon Bowles John Maki (OWI) Andrew Meadows (OSS) Talcott Parsons Benedict Andrew Leighton (FMAD) Margaret Mead Erik Erikson Provisional Analytical Summary of Institute of Pacific Relations Conference on Japanese Character Structure, December -,. Summary prepared by Dr. Margaret Mead. ( pp.) p.. RFB Papers Problems in Japanese Morale Submitted for Study by Psychiatrists (OWI Memo, October, RFB Papers, Vassar College Special Collections)

37 OWI George Taylor - de Bary OWI Geoffrey Gorer Gorer Price La Barre -

38 OWI OWI OWI Benedict [] = but also Benedict [] = deconstruction

39 Cultural Studies agency Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers: SCAP

40 Benedict, Ruth.. Patterns of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. =.. Race: Science and Politics. New York: Compass Books Edition, Revised. =. orig.. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. =.. Japanese Behavior Patterns. = NHK Caffrey, Margaret.. Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Austin: University of Texas Press. = de Bary, William Theodore. ed.. Living Legacies at Columbia, Columbia University Press. Dower, John.. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books. = TBS Geertz, Clifford.. Works and Lives. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Gorer, Geoffrey.. Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda. Committee on Intercultural Relations... Themes in Japanese Culture. The New York Academy of Sciences : -. Reprinted in Haring, Douglas. ed.. Personal Character and Cultural Milieu. New York: Syracuse University Press. -. Handler, Richard.. Boasian Anthropology and the Critique of American Culture, American Quarterly ( ): -. La Barre, Weston.. Some Observations on Character Structure in the Orient: The Japanese, Psychiatry ( ): -. Price, David.. In the Shadow of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Cultural Conditions of Unconditional Surrender. CounterPunch. August,. How U.S. Anthropologists Planned Race-Specific Weapons against the Japanese. CounterPunch. June -,. ( ): -. Rosenblatt, Daniel.. An Anthropology Made Safe for Culture: Patterns of Practice and the Politics of Difference in Ruth Benedict. American Anthropologist. New Series, ( ): -. Shannon, Christopher.. A World made Safe for Differences: Ruth Benedict s The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. American Quarterly ( ): -. Also In D. Janiewski & L. W. Banner eds.. Reading Benedict, Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, -. -

41 Gorer = Geoffrey Gorer,

42 Edgar Ezekiel Gorer Chinese porcelain Chinese porcelain Josephine Brandell Gorer = Africa Dances Dear Mr. Gorer Gorer Collection G.C. G.C. America Museum of Natural History

43 Gorer uncle Geoffrey Africa Dances Africa Dances Gorer Africa Dances Africa Dances Gorer Office of the Coordinator of Information: COI Research and Analysis: R&A R A - COI G.C. Institute of Pacific Relations: IPR NGO IPR

44 American Council of Learned Societies: ACLS COI War Without Mercy Dower = Themes in Japanese Character Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda mimeograph Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda Japanese Character Structure Propaganda Propaganda table of contents Propaganda G.C. Gorer Japanese Character Structure Gorer

45 Africa Dances Library of Congress HaringG.C. ronin ronin G.C.

46 Miss Clara Loomis Mrs. Messer feeding modesty toilet training

47 B. Chamberlain Chamberlain = Embree = doing the right thing at the right time a place for everything and everything in its place Gorer - Things Japanese

48 Benedict =: Benedict = everything in the right place at the right time Benedict Ruth Fulton Benedict Papers RFB RFB Benedict = Taking One s Proper Station humanly RFB Embree = Markino Yoshio Benedict =

49 Markino - Benedict = - War without Mercy Dower =

50 in-group prudery morality

51

52 Ninomiya Shigeaki An Inquiry Concerning the Origin, Development and Present Situation of the Eta in Relation to the History of Social Classes in Japan Ninomiya Asiatic Society of Japan -

53 Caffrey = School of Public Affairs The Public Opinion Quarterly The Special Case of Japan The Special Case of Japan The Special Case of Japan G.C.

54 Gorer a The Special Case of Japan inhuman brutal

55 What shall be done about the Emperor RFB Benedict = Gorer a Benedict = The Special Case of Japan

56 Gorer = Caffrey =- A Lady of Culture ethic Science Illustrated - Benedict, Ruth F.. Patterns of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. =.. Japanese Behavior Patterns. = NHK. []. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. = Caffrey, Margaret M.. Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Austin: University of Texas Press. =

57 Chamberlain, Basil.. Things Japanese ( th Edition). London. (First published in London, ). = Dower, John W.. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books. = TBS Embree, John.. Sue Mura: A Japanese Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. = Gorer, Geoffrey. []. Africa Dances. First published by Faber and Faber in ; This edition first published by Eland Publishing, London,... Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda. Committee on Intercultural Relations.. a. The Special Case of Japan. The Public Opinion Quarterly. School of Public Affairs Princeton University.. b. Themes in Japanese Culture, The New York Academy of Sciences. : -. Reprinted in Haring Douglas, ed.,. Personal Character and Cultural Milieu, New York: Syracuse University Press: -. =.. The Americans: A Study in National Character. London: Cresset Press. =.. Death, Grief and Mourning in Contemporary Britain. London: Cresset Press. = Markino, Yoshio.. When I was a Child. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Ninomiya, Shigeaki.. An Inquiry Concerning the Origin, Development and Present Situation of the Eta in Relation to the History of Social Classes in Japan. Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan Second Series. Vol. X. Science Illustrated,. August. -. NHK - Japanese Behavior Patterns, Report No., OWI, Sept... Greenslet.. What shall be done about the Emperor.... Japanese Character Structure and Propaganda... Comment from Haring to Gorer.. Comment from Haring to Gorer..

58

59

60

61 Ruth Benedict The Chrysanthemum and The Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture

62 陕 库 这 绘 联 为 论 验 读

63 简 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture Houghton Mifflin, Boston: New York Acknowledgments Benedict= Benedict= Benedict=

64 Glossary Index ai arigato bushidohara-kirimakoto jin giri Adoption Competition Dog s death Glossary Ian Buruma Buruma xii Ian Buruma Buruma ix

65 Acknowledgements Foreword by Ian Buruma Patterns of Japanese Culture Assignment: Japan The Japanese in the War Taking One s Proper Station The Meiji Reform Debtor to the Ages and the World Repaying One-Ten-Thousandth The Repayment Hardest to Bear Clearing One s Name The Circle of Human Feelings The Dilemma of Virtue Self-Discipline The Child Learns The Japanese Since VJ-Day Glossary Index Benedict= Benedict= Giri Giri Giri Giri to one s name Giri to the world Giri a category of Japanese obligations Benedict= -

66 义 义 义 伦 规则 讲 经义 问 义 义 argumentation of a speech or an essay brother-in-law duty debt obligation Benedict= - 义 Giri 义 义 义 义 义 义

67 义 义 Glossary Jen (Chinese), good human relation, benevolence. Jin (written with the same character as Chinese Jen), obligation which is outside the obligatory code. But vide knowing jin, p., footnote. p. Benedict Jen Jin 义 观 间 亲爱 Benedict=

68 Benedict= Q JinJen Q

69 Jin Jen fealty to the Emperor Benedict= Benedict= In our country from olden days the Emperor made his will the will of the people. Benedict -

70 为 们 为 为 为 总 为 为 Ian Buruma Foreword

71 Benedict, Ruth.. Patterns of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. = =. orig.. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co.. orig.. Japanese Behavior Patterns: What shall be done about the Emperor. = NHK. orig.. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Buruma, Ian.. Foreword. In Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin. vii-xii. Smith, Arthur H.. Chinese Characteristics. = 锦 - orig. - - NHK - - 简 陕

72 陕

73 Benedict Benedict = 吕

74

75 军 A - 汉

76 观 风 钩 风 钩 风 钩 风 钩

77 Benedict, Ruth.. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. New York: Houghton Miffin. = 吕 读鲁 - 观 术书还 畅销 较 义 读 风 钩 读书 记 对

78 Frank geo-politics, political geography

79 Benedict = Lafcadio Hearn - = Dower = - =

80 - =

81 W Benedict =Dower = USO Dower =-

82 Dower =-

83 Benedict = - Dower

84 Benedict = - Dower = Dower =

85 Dower =- Margaret Mead -

86 Benedict =- T A Dower =-

87 =

88 . ;

89 Benedict, Ruth.. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. = Dower, John W.. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books. = Frank, Andre Gunder.. Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Nitobe, Inazo.. Bushido: The Soul of Japan. New York: G.P. Putnam s Sons. - = 陕 线

90

91

92

93 : Frederick - : Bertrice Margery St. Joseph, Owatonna, Pillsbury Academy Buffalo, : Buffalo Public Library Vassar College ; Buffalo Charity Organization Society Pasadena : Orton School for Girls Stanley R. Benedict New School for Social Research Ph.D. Barnard College Stanley Stanley Patterns of Culture Stanley Benedict Race: Science and Politics

94 The Chrysanthemum and the Sword

95 Babcock, Barbara A.. Review of Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life. Signs ( ): -... Review of Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. American Anthropologist : -. Banner, Lois W.. Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and their Circle. New York: Vintage Books. Barnouw, Victor.. Review of Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life. Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology ( ): -. Benedict, Ruth.. Patterns of Culture. New York: Houghton Mifflin... Continuities and Discontinuities in Cultural Conditioning. Psychiatry : -... Japanese Behavior Patterns: What shall be done about the Emperor.. (orig. ) Race: Science and Politics. New York: Compass Books Edition, Revised... Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict. American Anthropologist : -.. (orig. ) The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. Bennett, J. W. and Michio Nagai.. The Japanese Critique of Methodology of Benedict s Chrysanthemum and the Sword. American Anthropologist : -. Bowles, Gordon.. Review of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies : -. Caffrey, Margaret M.. Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Austin: University of Texas Press. Clairmont, Don.. Review of Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology ( ): -. Clifford, James and George Marcus, eds.. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press. Clifford, James.. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Clyde, Paul H.. Reviewed Work(s): The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, by Ruth Benedict. The American Political Science Review ( ): -. Creighton, Millie R.. Revisiting Shame and Guilt Cultures: A Forty-Year Pilgrimage. Ethos ( ): -. Dale, Peter N.. The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness. New York: St. Martin s Press. Embree, John F.. Standardized Error and Japanese Character: A Note on Political Interpretation. World Politics ( ): -.. Reviewed Work(s): Hawaii s Japanese, by Andrew W. Lind and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, by Ruth Benedict. American Sociological Review ( ): -. Fletcher, William G.. Reviewed Work(s): The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, by Ruth Benedict and Star- Spangled Mikado, by Frank Kelley and Cornelius Ryan. The American Journal of International Law ( ): -. Fukui, Nanako and Yoshimi Ueda.. From Japanese Behavior Patterns to The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Kansaidaigaku Bungakubu Ronshu ( ): -. Fukui, Nanako.. Background Research for The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Dialectical Anthropology ( ): -. Geertz, Clifford.. Us/Not-Us: Benedict s Travels. In Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. -. Cambridge: Polity Press. Glazer, Penina M.. Review of Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Journal of American History ( ):. Gorer, Geoffrey.. Japanese Character. Science News : -... Themes in Japanese Culture. In Personal Character and Cultural Milieu, ed. Douglas Haring, -. New York: Syracuse University Press. Handler, Richard.. Vigorous Male and Aspiring Female: Poetry, Personality, and Culture in Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict. In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others, ed. George W. Stocking Jr. -. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.. a. Boasian Anthropology and the Critique of American Culture. American Quarterly ( ): -.. b. Ruth Benedict and the Modernist Sensibility. In Modernist Anthropology, ed. Marc Manganaro, -

96 . Princeton: Princeton University Press... Critics against Culture: Anthropological Observers of Mass Society. Madison: Wisconsin University Press. Hendry, Joy.. The Chrysanthemum Continues to Flower: Ruth Benedict and Some Perils of Popular Anthropology. In Popularizing Anthropology, eds. Jeremy MacClancy and Chris McDonaugh, -. London: Routledge. Janiewski, Dolores and Lois W. Banner, eds.. Reading Benedict/Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Johnson, Sheila.. The Japanese through American Eyes. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kent, Pauline.. Ruth Benedict s Original Wartime Study. International Journal of Japanese Sociology : -... An Appendix to The Chrysanthemum and the Sword : A Bibliography. Japan Review : -... Japanese Perceptions of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Dialectical Anthropology ( ): -... The Consummate Cultural Relativist? Ruth Benedict s Approach to Japan. In Re-Mapping Japanese Culture, eds. Alison Tokita, et. al., -. Clayton: Monash Asia Institute... Misconceived Configurations of Ruth Benedict: The Debate in Japan over The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. In Reading Benedict/Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions, eds. Dolores Janiewski and Lois Banner, -. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Kitahara, Michio.. Japanese Responses to the Defeat in World War II. International Journal of Social Psychiatry ( ): -. Kroeber, Alfred L.. Review of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. American Anthropologist : -. Kuklick, Henrika.. Review: Ourselves and Others ( Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, by Derek Freeman, and Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life, by Judith Schacter Modell). Contemporary Sociology ( ): -. La Barre, Weston.. Some Observations on Character Structure in the Orient. Psychiatry : -. Landman, Ruth.. Review of Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land. Anthropological Quarterly ( ): -. Langness, Lewis L.. Review of Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life. American Anthropologist :. Lapsley, Hilary.. Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Two Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Lebra, Takie S.. Reciprocity and the Asymmetric Principle: An Analytical Reappraisal of the Japanese Concept of On. Psychologia : -... Japanese Patterns of Behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press... An Empirical Investigation of Nihonjinron: The Degree of Exposure of Japanese to Nihonjinron Propositions and the Functions these Propositions Serve. Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies : -. Leighton, Alexander H.. Human Relations in a Changing World: Observations on the Use of the Social Sciences. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co. Leites, Nathan.. Psycho-Cultural Hypotheses about Political Acts. World Politics ( ): -. Lummis, Douglas C.. A New Look at The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Tokyo: Shohakusha. Manabe, Kazufumi and Harumi Befu.. An Empirical Study of Nihonjinron: How Real is the Myth? Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies : -. Manabe, Kazufumi, Harumi Befu, David McConnell and Sug-In Kweon.. Nihonjinron: Whose Cup of Tea? Kwansei Gakuin University Annual Studies : -. Mead, Margaret.. Ruth Benedict. New York: Columbia University Press.. (orig. ) Blackberry Winter. New York: Pocket Books.. (Reprint of orig.) An Anthropologist at Work: Writings of Ruth Benedict. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Modell, Judith Schachter.. Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Morris, Brian.. Ruth Benedict: Popular Success, Academic Neglect. RAIN : -. Morris, John. a. Review of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. New Statesman :.. b. Review of The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Pacific Affairs : -. Pelzel, John C.. Review: Without the Chrysanthemum and the Sword A Study of the Attitudes of Youth in Post-War Japan, by Jean Stoetzel. Pacific Affairs ( ): -. Plath, David W. and Robert J. Smith.. How American are Studies of Modern Japan done in the United States?

97 In Othernesses of Japan: Historical and Cultural Influences on Japanese Studies in Ten Countries, eds. H. Befu and J. Kreiner, -. Munich: The German Institute for Japanese Studies. Rademaker, John A.. Review: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture, by Ruth Benedict. The American Journal of Sociology ( ): -. Raglan, [Lord].. Review: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, by Ruth Benedict. Man :. Robertson, Jennifer.. When and Where Japan Enters: American Anthropology since. In The Postwar Development of Japanese Studies in the United States, ed. Helen Hardacre, -. Leiden: Brill. Rosenblatt, Daniel.. An Anthropology made Safe for Culture: Patterns of Practice and the Politics of Difference in Ruth Benedict. American Anthropologist (New Series) ( ): -. Ryang, Sonia.. Benedictian Myth. In Japan and National Anthropology: A Critique, -. London: Routledge. Sargent, Stephen S. and Marian W. Smith, eds.. Culture and Personality. New York: Viking Fund. Shannon, Christopher.. A World made Safe for Differences: Ruth Benedict s The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. American Quarterly ( ): -. Also In Reading Benedict/Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions, eds. D. Janiewski and L. W. Banner.. -. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Steiner, Jesse F.. Reviewed: The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, by Ruth Benedict. The Far Eastern Quarterly ( ):. Stocking, Jr., George.. Character as Culture: Review of Ruth Benedict Patterns of a Life. New York Times Book Review ( ): -,.. ed.. Malinowski, Benedict, Rivers and Others. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin... The Ethnographic Sensibility of the s and the Dualism of the Anthropological Tradition. In Romantic Motives, ed. George Stocking, Jr., -. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Stoetzel, Jean.. Without the Chrysanthemum and the Sword: A Study of the Attitudes of Youth in Post-war Japan. New York: Columbia University Press. Sugimoto, Yoshio and Ross E. Mouer.. Japanese Society: Reappraisals and New Directions. Adelaide: Department of Anthropology, University of Adelaide. Sugimoto, Yoshio and Ross E. Mouer.. Images of Japanese Society: A Study in the Social Construction of Reality. London: Kegan Paul International. Young, Virginia H.. Ruth Benedict: Beyond Relativity, Beyond Pattern. Lincolin: University of Nebraska Press.. Tsurumi Review : -. : -. : -. : -. NHK. : -. : -. : -. : -. : -.. : -. : -. : -. : -. =

98 : -. : -. : : -. : -. : : : -. : -., : -., -. : -. : -. : -. : : -. : : -. : -. : -. : -. PHP. : -. S : -. : athis is : -. b : -. : -. = = = NHK orig. = orig. = orig. = orig. =.

99 : -. : -. = : -. : -. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword : -. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword : -. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword : -. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword -. :.. : - : -,. = a : -. b : -. c : -... : -.

100

101 Reconsidering Ruth Benedict: Conflict Resolution, Culture and Sino-Japanese Relations Symposium Proceedings (December, ) Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development Studies, Ryukoku University Research Series Pauline Kent, Takeshi Hamashita, Tomoko Matsui & Akiko Watanabe (eds.) TEL / FAX - - PUBLISHED BY THE AFRASIAN CENTRE FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, RYUKOKU UNIVERSITY - Yokotani, Oe-cho, Seta, Otsu City, Shiga - TEL / FAX + ( ) PRINTED BY TANAKA PRINT CO., LTD. ISBN

102