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1 % inagaki@risk.tsukuba.ac.jp Toshiyuki INAGAKI, Fellow (Department of Risk Engineering, Faculty of Systems and Information Engineering University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Japan) Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 pp ,957km Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
2 TERRAIN TERRAIN Whoop, Whoop PULL UP! Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust Climb, Climb Ground Proximity Warning System; GPWS 1 Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System ; TCAS Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 21
3 , km IATA t human supervisory control Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
4 第 1 条第 2 条第 3 条第 4 条第 5 条第 6 条第 7 条第 8 条 人間は気まぐれである 人間は怠け者である人間は不注意である人間は根気がない人間は単調を嫌う人間はのろまである人間は論理的思考力が弱い 人間は何をするか分からない 80% % 3 3 % 12 1 mode confusion 1 A B situation awareness レベル1: 何かが起こっていることに気付くレベル2: その原因を特定できるレベル3: これからの事態の推移が予測できる A , CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain CFIT silent and strong 1 2 Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 23
5 GPWS distrust over-trust mistrust reliance 3 GPWS 3 10 GPWS Pull Up GPWS GPWS CFIT trust 基礎 : 自然界の法則や社会の秩序に合致している能力 : 常に安定的かつ望ましい行動や性能が期待できる方法 : 行動を実現するための方法, アルゴリズム, ル-ルが理解できる目的 : 上記の背後にある意図 動機が納得できる automation surprise A ,000 2, , Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
6 ! CFIT GPWS A R 人は, 航空システムの安全のため, 最終の責任を負う. それゆえ, 4 Advanced Safety Vehicle;ASV ACC LKA ACC ACC 人に指揮権がなければならない. 指揮を効果的に行うために, 人は直接的に関与できなければならない. 人が直接関与するには, 人に情報が提供されねばならない. 機能を自動化してよいのは, 適切な理由がある場合に限る. 人は自動化システムをモニタできるようになっていなければならない. それゆえ, 自動化システムは予測可能でなければならない. 自動化システムはオペレータ ( 人 ) をモニタできるようになっていなければならない. システムを構成する各要素は, 他の要素の意図に関する知識を持っていなければならない. 自動化は, 簡単に学べ, 簡単に使えるようにデザインされていなければならない. LKA Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 25
7 30 ACC LKA Electronic Stability Control ESC ESC ESC 35% 30% ESC 32% 53% m TCAS Climb Climb!! Resolution Advisory;RA GPWS Pull Up!!! TCAS Climb Climb! TCAS RA TCAS TCAS Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
8 40% ESC 22 PCS Thrust Asymmetry Compensation TAC TAC 10% comparison allocation 2 left-over allocation 3 economic allocation Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 27
9 時刻 1 時刻 2 時刻 3 人が担当機械が担当人から機械へ機械から人へ H1 H2 H3 machineinitiated trading of authority human-initiated trading of authority 4 2 C1 C2 4 A 4 B オペレータをモニタしているコンピュータによる判断 行為が検出 された 行為は検出 されていない 直面する状況のなかでのオペレータの行為 その状況では, 必ず実行しなければならないもの A その状況では, 行っても, 行わなくてもよいもの その状況では, 決して行ってはならないもの B 28 Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
10 人に 見える もの 人には 見えない もの ! 1 支援システムに見えるもの ものの考え方 が人と機械で異なっていると, オートメーションサプライズ 3 提供された情報の真偽が確認できないと, 不安 や 不信 支援システムには見えないもの 2 システムには見えない ことが分かるようになっていなければ, 過信, いずれ 不信 2 3!? Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2 29
11 1, -,, vol. 41, no 10, pp , Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Aircraft Accidents, ,,,no. 20,pp , ,,,no. 20,pp , ICAO, Human factors training manual, Doc 9683-AN/950, , :,, vol. 17, no. 6, pp , L. Bainbridge, Ironies of automation, Automatica, vol. 19, no. 3, pp , , IATA ,, no. 249,pp. 6-12, T.B. Sheridan, Telerobotics, Automation, and Human Supervisory Control, MIT Press, J. Rasmussen and L.P. Goodstein, Decision support in supervisory control, Proc. IFAC Man-Machine Systems, pp , M.R. Endsley, Towards a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems, Hum. Factors, vol. 37, no.1, pp , D.G. Jones and M.R. Endsley, Investigation of situation awareness errors, Proc. 8th Int l Symp. Aviation Psychology, pp , P. Sparaco, Human factors cited in French A320 crash, Aviation Week and Space Technology, pp , Jan. 3, , V,, pp.51-82, J.D. Lee and N. Moray, Trust, self-confidence, and operators adaptation to automation, Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 40, pp N.B. Sarter,D.D. Woods, and C.E. Billings, Automation surprises, in Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2nd Ed., G. Salvendy, Ed. pp , Wiley, D. Hughes and M.A. Dornheim, Accidents direct focus on cockpit automation, Aviation Week and Space Technology, pp , Jan. 30, , - A300B4-622R B1816, D.D. Woods, The effects of automation on human s role: Experience from non-aviation industries, in Flight Deck Automation: Promises and Realities, S. Norman and H. Orlady, Eds., NASA CP-10036, pp.61-85, C.E. Billings, Aviation Automation - The Search for a Human- Centered Approach, LEA, ,, 4. 22,,, 23, ,,p. 36, , :,, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 4-9, ,,, vol. 89, no. 12, pp , Dec ,, T. Inagaki, Design of human-machine interactions in light of demain-dependence of human-centered automation, Cognition Technology & Work, vol. 8, no. 3, pp , W.B. Rouse, Adaptive aiding for human/computer control, Hum. Factors, vol. 30, no. 4, pp , M.W. Scerbo, Theoretical perspectives on adaptive automation, in Automation and Human Performance, R. Parasuraman and M. Mouloua, Eds., pp , LEA, T. Inagaki, Adaptive automation: Sharing and trading of control, in Handbook of Cognitive Task Design, E. Hollnagel, Ed., pp , LEA, T. Inagaki and T.B. Sheridan, Authority and responsibility in human-machine systems: Is machine-initiated trading of authority permissible in the human-centered automation framework? Proc. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics 2008, 10 pages in CD- ROM, IEEE Reliability Society Japan Chapter Chair NOE ASV Fundamentals Review Vol.2 No.2
招 待 講 演 人 と 自 動 走 行 システムが 織 りなす 光 と 影 の 交 錯 模 様 - 課 題 解 決 へ 向 けたデザインの 視 点 - 筑 波 大 学 副 学 長 理 事 稲 垣 敏 之 -1- 交 通 安 全 環 境 研 究 所 講 演 会 国 際 連 合 大 学 ウ タント 国 際 会 議 場 2015 年 7 月 3 日 人 と 自 動 走 行 システムが 織 り 成 す 光
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