Epenthesisと関連現象 - 基本概念と分析可能性

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1 Epenthesis Morphological Theory in the 21st Century ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

2 Empty morph epenthesis 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

3 Empty morph epenthesis (1) a. absorbed absorbedness [əbzɔːrbd] [əbzɔːrbədnəs] marked markedness [mɑːkt] [mɑːkədnəs] well-formed [wɛɫfɔːmd] well-formedness [wɛɫfɔːmədnəs] b. amazed amazedly [əmeɪzd] [əmeɪzədli] supposed supposedly [səpoʊzd] [səpoʊzədli] c. thirty thirtieth [θəːti] [θəːtiəθ] ninety ninetieth [naɪnti] [naɪntiəθ] (Bauer et al. 2013: , 425) d. sense sens-u-al fact fact-u-al (Katamba and Stonham 2006:38) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

4 Empty morph epenthesis Empty morph The alternation by which the number of morphs consists of recognizing two special kinds of morphs: empty morphs, which have no meaning and belong to no morpheme; and portmanteau morphs, which belong simultaneously to two (or, theoretically, more) morphemes, and have simultaneously the meaning of both. (Hockett 1947:333) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

5 Empty morph epenthesis (2) a. lim- cultivate lim-a cultivate! nambith- taste b. dl- eat yi-dl-a eat! nambith-a taste! m- stand yi-m-a stand! z- come yi-z-a come! lw- yi-lw-a fight fight! (Ndebele; Inkelas and Zoll 1999:(9)) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

6 Empty morph epenthesis bear elephant Rahim sew fil Rahim sew-re-n fil-di-n Rahim-a-n sew-re-z fil-di-z Rahim-a-z sew-re-k fil-di-k Rahim-a-k 1: (Lezgian) (Haspelmath and Sims 2010:65) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

7 Empty morph epenthesis (3) a. pens-e-r-ai think- -fut-1sg b. sent-i-r-ai feel- -fut-1sg (French; Anderson 1992:54) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

8 Empty morph epenthesis Empty morph (morpheme) (morph) IA (allomorph) (stem alternation) (extended stem) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

9 epenthesis 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

10 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

11 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis (4) is-epenthesis a. rēk-s-is-tis rule-perf- -2pl You.pl ruled. b. rēk-s-ī rule-perf-1sg I ruled. c. fer-tis carry-2pl You.pl carry. d. mon-u-is-tis advise-perf- -2sg You.pl advised. e. mon-u-ī advise-perf-1sg I advised. (Latin; Matthews 1972:77 78) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

12 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis [ : reg- + Perfect + 2nd Plural : rēk + s + is + tis ] 1: reksistis you.pl ruled 2 IA (Matthews 1972:78) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

13 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis (5) i-epenthesis a. fer-i-mus carry- -1pl We carry. b. fer-i-minī carry- -2pl.pass You.pl are being carried. c. da-mus give-1pl We give. d. monē-minī advise-2pl.pass You.pl are being advised. e. fer-s carry-2sg You.sg carry. f. fer-tis carry-2pl You.pl carry. (Latin; Matthews 1972:78 79) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

14 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis [ : fer- + 1st Plural : fer + i + mus ] 2: ferimus we carry 2 IA (Matthews 1972:79) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

15 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis i-epenthesis (fer-mus, fer-minī r m is-epenthesis ( Itô (1989), Mester (1994) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

16 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis (6) u-epenthesis a. s-u-mus be- -1pl We are. b. s-u-m be- -1sg I am. c. wol-u-mus want- -1pl We want d. wul-t want-3sg (S)he wants. e. wul-tis want-2pl You.pl want. (Matthews 1972:79) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

17 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis (7) If one morph ends in r, and the next begins with m, an empty i must intervene, : fer- + [ 1st ] Plural + Passive : fer mus r : fer + i + mur 3: ferimur we are being carried 3 IA (Matthews 1972:80) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

18 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis is-epenthesis (perf + 2 pl) empty morph IA (Matthews 1972:81) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

19 epenthesis theme vowel 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

20 epenthesis theme vowel Conjugation Theme vowel Present active infinitive Gloss first ā am-ā-re lover second ē dēl-ē-re destroy fourth ī aud-ī-re hear third e leg-e-re pick third i cap-e-re take third fer-re carry 2: theme vowel (Aronoff 1994:45) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

21 epenthesis theme vowel (present stem) theme vowel (present, perfect, third [= supine/perfect participle] stems) theme vowel theme vowel (Aronoff 1994:50) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

22 epenthesis theme vowel armō arm-ā-ō arm-ā I arm armāmur arm-ā-mur arm-ā we are armed armāvistī ar-ā-u-istī arm-ā-u you.sg armed armātus arm-āt-us arm-ā-t armed.masc.nom.sg 3: (Aronoff 1994:47) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

23 epenthesis theme vowel audiam aud-ī-am aud-ī I may hear audīrēmus aud-ī-rē-mus aud-ī we might hear audīverat aud-ī-u-er-at aud-ī-u he had heard audīta aud-ī-t-a aud-ī-t heard.fem.nom.sg 4: (Aronoff 1994:47) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

24 epenthesis theme vowel Morphomic theme vowel [... ] theme vowels are associated directly with stems of lexemes rather than with entire lexemes. (Aronoff 1994:49) [... ] knowing the theme vowel of a given verb will allow one to determine uniquely (and with no exceptions of any kind in the language) the entire paradigm of the forms of that verb that re formed on the present stem. The theme vowels can thus be understood just in purely morphological terms and in their interaction with the morphology of verb stems. (Aronoff 1994:52) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

25 epenthesis theme vowel (8) v v Th Root v (Embick 2010:76) (9) Athematic perfect rule [II] [III] v is athematic / Asp[perf] [III(i)] LIST LIST = { Crep, Ven,... } (Embick 2010:178) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

26 Word-and-Paradigm 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

27 Word-and-Paradigm Paradigm Function A language s paradigm function applies to the content of a given cell in the paradigm of a lexeme L to yield the realization of that cell; in formal terms, the definition of a language s paradigm function PF is such that for any cell L, σ : w in any of that language s inflectional paradigms, PF( L, σ ) = w, σ. (Stump 2016:51) ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

28 Word-and-Paradigm (10) paradigm function: PF( L, σ ) = def [iii : [ii : [i : X, σ ]]], where X is the stem of L that is appropriate for σ. (11) Rules of exponence (Stump 2016:48; cf. Zwicky 1985, Anderson 1992, Stump 2001): X, C, κ f(x), where X is a variable over stems, C is a class of stems, κ is a property constraint and f is an operation on stems. ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

29 Word-and-Paradigm Theme vowel morphomic Stem SC syntagmatic context ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

30 Word-and-Paradigm (12) Stem-formation rules a. Where L is a first-conjugation verb such that: Stem( L, σ:{imperfective} ) = Xā, Stem( L, σ:{perfective} ) = Xāv, (Stump 2016:78) Stem( L, σ:{supine} ) = Xāt by default. b. Where L is a fourth-conjugation verb such that: Stem( L, σ:{imperfective} ) = Xī, Stem( L, σ:{perfective} ) = Xīv, Stem( L, σ:{supine} ) = Xīt by default. c. Where L is a second-conjugation verb such that: Stem( L, σ:{imperfective} ) = Xē by default. d. Stem( ferre, σ:{imperfective} ) = fer, Stem( ferre, σ:{perfective} ) = tul. (Stump 2016:78) e. Where L is a third s -conjugation verb such that: f. Stem( L, σ:{imperfective} ) = Xe, Stem( L, σ: {perfective} ) = Xs by default. ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

31 Word-and-Paradigm (13) SC operations SC(X[+voiced final consonant]s) = X[ voiced final consonant]s... ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

32 Word-and-Paradigm is-epenthesis ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

33 Word-and-Paradigm (14) Rules of exponence a. Block I: X, V, {perfective 2nd plural} Xis... b. Block II: X, V, {2nd plural} Xtis... (15) reksistis you.pl ruled (PF( reg, {perfective 2nd plural} ): a. : i. Stem( reg, σ:{perfective} ) = regs ii. SC(regs) = reks b. : i. reks, V, {perfective 2nd plural} reksis ii. reksis, V, {2nd plural} reksistis ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

34 Word-and-Paradigm i-epenthesis u-epenthesis morphophonological metageneralization ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

35 Word-and-Paradigm (16) For each rule of exponence, there is an unordered set ϕ R of morphophonological rules constraining the evaluation of the rule in any instance of its application. (Stump 2001:47, Anderson 1992:244) (17) Morphophonological rules Where X, C, σ Y : a. If X consists of a string rm, then Y has rim. b. If X consists of Cm, then Y has Cum.... (18) Morphological metageneralization: a. For any rule of exponence in Block I, II or III, rules (17a, b) ϕ R.... (19) ferimus (PF( fer, {imperfective 1st plural} )): a. : Stem( fer, σ:{imperfective} ) = fer b. : fer, V, {1st plural} fermus c. : fermus, V, {imperfective 1st plural} ferimus ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

36 1 Empty morph epenthesis 2 epenthesis is-epenthesis i-epenthesis theme vowel 3 Word-and-Paradigm 4 ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

37 Epenthesis/empty morph epenthesis theme vowel extended exponent Word-and-Paradigm ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

38 Anderson, Stephen R. (1992) A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aronoff, Mark (1994) Morphology by Itself: Stems and Inflectional Classes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bauer, Laurie, Rochelle Lieber, and Ingo Plag (2013) The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Embick, David (2010) Localism versus Globalism in Morphology and Phonology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Haspelmath, Martin and Andreas D. Sims (2010) Understanding Morphology. London: Hodder Education, 2nd edition. Hockett, Charles F. (1947) Problems of Morphemic Analysis. Language 23, Inkelas, Sharon and Cheryl Zoll (1999) Reduplication as Morphological Doubling. Ms. University of California, Berkeley and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

39 Itô, Junko (1989) A Prosodic Theory of Epenthesis. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7, Katamba, Francis and John Stonham (2006) Morphology. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition. Matthews, Peter H. (1972) Inflectional Morphology: A Theoretical Study Based on Aspects of Latin Verb Conjugation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mester, R. Armin (1994) The Quantitative Trochee in Latin. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 12, Stump, Gregory T. (2001) Inflectional Morphology: A Theory of Paradigm Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2016) Inflectional Paradigms: Content and Form at the Syntax Morphology Interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Arnold M. (1985) How to Describe Inflection. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 11, Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. ( ) Epenthesis MT21, / 39

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