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1 (C ) E mail : sakkun@yokohama-cu.ac.jp

3 3 I OS C Windows sample1.c C C sample1.c sample2.c

4 sample2.c C sample2.c if sample3.c sample3.c Windows sample4.c sample5.c

5 6.1.3 do while() while() for() hanpuku.c hanpuku.c sample6.c sample7.c sample7.c sample8.c sample9.c C ftest1.c ftest1.c ftest2.c ftest3.c

6 II sample1.c sample2.c sample3.c sample4.c sample5.c sample6.c sample7.c sample8.c sample9.c test.txt ftest1.c ftest2.c ftest3.c (1) (2) III C

7 printf scanf ( 2) goto do while while for break switch case stdio.h string.h ctype.h math.h FILE fopen fclose

8 8 A 113 B 115

9 ENIAC if do while while for() switch case

11 C C stdio.h string.h ctype.h math.h fopen

13 I

15 15 C

17 OS OS 2 1 ENIAC Operating System

18 : OS OS ROM 3 OS IPL 4 3 Read Only Memory RAM Random Access Memory 4 Initial Program Loader

19 : ENIAC BIOS Basic Input Output System

20 : BASIC Beginner s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Fortran FORmular TRANslator COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language C next B C++ increased C C ++ C Pascal PL/I Programming Language One LISP LISt Processor Prolog PROgramming in LOGic Perl Java Tcl Ruby 6 AND OR NOT 7 mnemonic 8 bug= debug

21 : BMD, S, SPSS, SAS DYNAMO, GPSS TEX, PostScript HTML C C TEX 10 C C

22 OS Windows GUI Microsoft (IDE 12 ) Visual Studio.NET Sun Micro System Java (SDK 13 ) Eclipse 11 Graphical User Interface 12 Integrated Development Environment 13 Software Development Kit

23 Windows Ctrl+Alt+Del 1 Ctrl Alt Delete * OK Windows Internet Explorer 1 Windows

24 Enter C z: OK 7. z: samples kinshu1.c ftest1.c ftest3.c sample1.c sample9.c 8. Internet Explorer 9. z:

25 2.3. sample1.c sample1.c 2 sample1 II sample1.c OK Page Up Page Down sample1.c This is a sample program. Press any key to continue Ctrl C 2.3 sample1.c 2

26 C 34 printf 3 " \n n C III 2.4 sample1.c Insert Visual C++ 3

27 2.4. sample1.c 27 Back Space Delete ON/OFF / Page Up Page Down sample1.c sample1.c 1. sample1.c sample1a.c 2. 3.

29 sample2.c sample1.c sample1.c sample2.c sample2.c sample2 3.2 sample2.c 3.2.1

30 30 3 6m 4m D H S S = 1 2 DH S D H x +3=0 x x = III

31 C D teihen H takasa S menseki int float ( ) (float) float teihen, takasa, menseki ; float teihen, takasa, menseki ; menseki = teihen * takasa / 2 ; printf printf("menseki = %g\n", menseki) ; 2 III

32 32 3 float teihen, takasa, menseki ; menseki = teihen * takasa / 2 ; printf("menseki = %g\n", menseki) ; #include <stdio.h> int main() { float teihen, takasa, menseki ; teihen = 6 ; takasa = 4 ; menseki = teihen * takasa / 2 ; printf("menseki = %g\n", menseki) ; return 0 ; } sample2.c 3.3 sample2.c sample2.c sample1.c sample2.c 3.3.1

33 sample2.c 6 4 C scanf teihen = 6 ; scanf("%g", &teihen) ; takasa = 4 ; scanf("%g", &takasa) ; scanf float %g 1 & 6 Enter scanf 1 int %d

34 34 4 teihen 6 4 Enter takasa if if sample2.c 4.1 a, b, c a, b, c A c b C B a 4.1:

35 4.3. sample3.c C a b a c C a == b && a == c b == c if if( a == b && a == c ) printf(" \n") ; printf 4.3 sample3.c 4.4 sample3.c if C if sample3.c 4.3

36 : :

37 Yes No 2 Yes No 4.3: C a*a+b*b == c*c a*a+c*c == b*b b*b+c*c == a*a

38 Windows Windows Windows

39 c.h.cc.cpp.c++.obj.exe.com ( ) ( ) CPU.h.lib.dll CPU 5.1: Visual Studio.NET 2003

40 sample4.c , 1, 2 1 srand rand 2 time 5.3 sample5.c

41 5.3. sample5.c if BMI 3 BMI (kg) (m) 2 BMI BMI BMI 22 % %% 3 Body Mass Index

43 float hankei, menseki ; printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; goto float hankei, menseki ; hajime : hajime printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; goto hajime ; hajime

44 44 6 goto if goto 5 if c float hankei, menseki ; int c ; c = 0 ; hajime : hajime printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; c = c+1 ; 1 if( c<5 ) goto hajime ; hajime do while() if goto C do while float hankei, menseki ; int c ; c = 0 ; do { printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; c = c+1 ; 1 } while( c<5 ) ; REPEAT UNTIL

45 while() for() if float hankei, menseki ; int c ; c = 0 ; hajime: if( c>=5 ) goto owari ; printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; c = c+1 ; goto hajime ; owari: if goto while float hankei, menseki ; int c ; c = 0 ; while( c<5 ) { printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; c = c+1 ; } for float hankei, menseki ; int c ; for( c = 0 ; c<5 ; c=c+1 ) { printf("hankei?") ; scanf("%g",&hankei) ; menseki = hankei*hankei*3.14 ; printf("menseki = %g\n",menseki) ; } DO WHILE 6.2

46 hanpuku.c 1 hanpuku C++ z: samples C Enter hanpuku.c 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main( ) 3 { 4 int c ; 5 for( c=1 ; c<=10 ; c=c+1 ) { 6 printf( "%d\n", c ) ; 7 } 8 return 0 ; 9 } hanpuku.c for 1 Visual Studio C++ (C ).c.cpp

47 6.3. hanpuku.c

49 C [ ] 0 x 5 float x[5] ; 3 x[2] 7.2 sample6.c sample7.c 2 5

50 sample7.c sample7.c for() goukei = 0 ; goukei = goukei + data[0] ; goukei = goukei + data[1] ; goukei = goukei + data[2] ; goukei = goukei + data[3] ; goukei = goukei + data[4] ; for() sample8.c if switch case

51 a b 1. a>b a b a b 2. a b a 3. a a 0 b a b C gcd.c

52 52 8 (1) a <= b Yes No c=a; a=b; b=c; (2) a=a%b ; (3) a!= 0 Yes (4) No b 8.1: 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main( ) 3 { 4 int a, b, c ; 5 printf("a? ") ; scanf("%d",&a) ; 6 printf("b? ") ; scanf("%d",&b) ; 7 printf("%d %d ",a,b) ; 8 do { 9 if( a<=b ) { c=a ; a=b ; b=c ; } /* 1. */ 10 a = a%b ; /* 2. */ 11 } while( a>0 ) ; /* 3. */ 12 printf( " %d \n", b ) ; /* 4. */ 13 return 0 ; 14 }

53 n if n log 2 n 100 log = 6.64 n x 1,x 2,,x n 1. i i 1 2. x i x n i min 3. i i min x i x imin 4. i 1 5. i<n i = n 1. i min i min i 2. j j i x j <x imin i min j

54 j 1 5. j<n j = n i min C

55 if 8.2. sample9.c sample9.c C i for() i = 1 No i <= n Yes imin = i j for() j = i+1 No j <= n Yes x[j-1] < x[imin-1] Yes if imin = j j = j+1 i = i+1 No i!= imin Yes x[imin-1] x[i-1] No 8.2:

56 for( i=1 ; ; ) { imin = i ; for( j = i+1 ; ; ) { if( ) ; } if( ) { xdummy = x[i-1] ; x[i-1] = x[imin-1] ; x[imin-1] = xdummy ; } } 8.3

57 C ftest1.c 81 fopen fscanf fclose FILE FILE FILE *fp ; * scanf fscanf int kosuu ; fscanf("nyuuryokufairu", "%d", &kosuu) ; /* */ C FILE

58 58 9 int kosuu ; FILE *fp ; fscanf(fp, "%d", &kosuu) ; /* */ fopen FILE int kosuu ; FILE *fp ; fp = fopen("nyuuryokufairu", "r") ; fscanf(fp, "%d", &kosuu) ; /* */ fopen 1 fscanf OS 2 fclose FILE int kosuu ; FILE *fp ; fp = fopen("nyuuryokufairu", "r") ; fscanf(fp, "%d", &kosuu) ;... /* fscanf */... fclose(fp) ; ftest1.c fscanf() 2 fscanf n III 1, stream 2

59 9.2. ftest1.c ftest1.c Windows ftest1.c ftest1.c z: samples test.txt

61 a a C ftest2.c ftest1.c ftest2.c main 10.2 ftest1.c ftest2.c C struct

62 ftest3.c ftest2.c struct ftest3.c

63 C C

65 II

67 67 12

68 sample1.c 1 /* sample1.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: */ 5 /* 2: */ 6 /* 3: */ 7 /* 4: ( ) */ 8 /* 5: */ 9 10 /* 11 */ /* #include */ 14 /* stdio.h */ 15 #include <stdio.h> /* 18 int ( ) 19 main ( ) 23 { } 26 */ int main( ) 29 { 30 /* printf */ 31 /* " " \n 32 ( 33 ) \n */ 34 printf("this is a sample program.\n") ; /* 0 ( 37 ) */ 38 return 0 ; 39 }

69 sample2.c 1 /* sample2.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: ( ) */ 5 /* 2: */ 6 /* 3: */ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 int main() 11 { 12 /* float */ 14 float teihen, takasa, menseki ; 15 /* int */ /* */ 18 /* teihen 6 */ 19 teihen = 6 ; 20 /* 4 */ 21 takasa = 4 ; /* */ 24 menseki = teihen * takasa / 2 ; /* --- */ 27 /* printf */ 30 /* %g float sample1.c int %d */ 35 printf( "Menseki = %g\n", menseki ) ; return 0 ; 38 }

70 sample3.c 1 /* sample3.c: */ 2 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 5 /* */ 6 /* 1: scanf */ 7 /* 2: if else */ 8 9 int main( ) 10 { 11 float a,b,c ; printf(" \n") ; printf(" " ) ; 16 /* --- scanf */ 17 /* scanf ( ) */ 20 scanf( "%g", &a ) ; 21 /* %g float int %d 22 & */ 23 /* */ printf(" ") ; scanf( "%g", &b ) ; 26 printf(" ") ; scanf( "%g", &c ) ; /* */ 29 printf("a,b,c=%g,%g,%g\n",a,b,c) ; /* if */ 32 if( a<=0 b<=0 c<=0 33 a+b<=c a+c<=b b+c<=a ) { 34 printf(" \n") ; 35 return 0 ; /* */ 36 } /* if */ 39 if( a==b && b==c ) { 40 printf(" \n") ; 41 } 42 else if( a==b b==c c==a ) { 43 printf(" \n") ; 44 } 45 else { 46 printf(" \n") ; 47 } 48

71 return 0 ; 50 }

72 sample4.c 1 /* sample4.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: scanf */ 5 /* 2: if else */ 6 /* 3: srand() rand() */ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 #include <stdlib.h> /* srand(),rand() */ 10 #include <time.h> /* time() */ int main( ) 13 { 14 int your_hand, my_hand ; printf("...\n\n") ; /* */ 19 srand( time(null) ) ; /* time() */ 20 /* 0,1,2 */ 21 my_hand = rand() % 3 ; /* % ( ) */ printf(" \n\n") ; /* scanf */ 26 printf(" \n") ; 27 printf(" [0: 1: 2: ] -> ") ; 28 scanf("%d", &your_hand) ; if( your_hand < 0 your_hand >2 ) { 31 printf(" \n") ; 32 return 1 ; /* OS (1 ) */ 33 } if( my_hand == your_hand ) { 36 printf("\n \n") ; 37 } 38 else if( my_hand == 0 ) { 39 if( your_hand == 1 ) printf("\n \n") ; 40 else printf("\n \n") ; 41 } 42 else if( my_hand == 1 ) { 43 if( your_hand == 2 ) printf("\n \n") ; 44 else printf("\n \n") ; 45 } 46 else { 47 if( your_hand == 0 ) printf("\n \n") ; 48 else printf("\n \n") ;

73 } return 0 ; 52 }

74 sample5.c 1 /* sample5.c: */ 2 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 5 /* : 9 1) scanf, printf 10 2) 11 3) * ( )* (cm) -> (kg) -> */ int main( ) 21 { 22 /* ( ) */ /* */ /* ( (kg) (cm)) */ /* ( ) 33 */ /* */ return 0 ; 40 }

75 sample6.c 1 /* sample6.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: */ 5 6 #include <stdio.h> 7 8 int main( ) 9 { 10 /* 5 */ 11 float data1, data2, data3, data4, data5 ; 12 float goukei ; printf("5 \n") ; 15 printf(" 1 ") ; scanf("%g",&data1) ; 16 printf(" 2 ") ; scanf("%g",&data2) ; 17 printf(" 3 ") ; scanf("%g",&data3) ; 18 printf(" 4 ") ; scanf("%g",&data4) ; 19 printf(" 5 ") ; scanf("%g",&data5) ; goukei = data1+data2+data3+data4+data5 ; 22 printf(" %g \n",goukei) ; return 0 ; 25 }

76 sample7.c 1 /* sample7.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: */ 5 /* 2: */ 6 /* 3: */ 7 8 /* 9 */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) 14 { 15 /* 5 */ 16 float data[5] ; /* [ ] */ 17 float goukei ; /* [ ] */ 20 printf("5 \n") ; 21 printf(" 1 ") ; scanf("%g",&data[0]) ; /* 0 */ 22 printf(" 2 ") ; scanf("%g",&data[1]) ; 23 printf(" 3 ") ; scanf("%g",&data[2]) ; 24 printf(" 4 ") ; scanf("%g",&data[3]) ; 25 printf(" 5 ") ; scanf("%g",&data[4]) ; goukei = data[0]+data[1]+data[2]+data[3]+data[4] ; 28 printf(" %g \n",goukei) ; return 0 ; 31 }

77 sample8.c 1 /* sample8.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: */ 5 /* 2: */ 6 /* 3: switch case */ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 #include <stdlib.h> 10 #include <time.h> int main( ) 13 { 14 int your_hand, my_hand ; 15 /* */ 16 /* 0,1,2 3 x : 0: 1: */ 27 int shouhai[3][3] = { { 0, 1,-1 }, /* [0][0] [0][1] [0][2] */ 28 { -1, 0, 1 }, /* [1][0] [1][1] [1][2] */ 29 { 1,-1, 0 } } ; /* [2][0] [2][1] [2][2] */ 30 /* 31 = ; */ srand( time(null) ) ; 36 printf("...\n\n") ; 37 my_hand = rand() % 3 ; 38 printf(" \n\n") ; 39 printf(" \n") ; 40 printf(" [0: 1: 2: ] -> ") ; 41 scanf("%d", &your_hand) ; 42 if( your_hand < 0 your_hand >2 ) { 43 printf(" \n") ; 44 return 1 ; 45 } /* switch */ 48 switch( shouhai[your_hand][my_hand] ) {

78 case -1: printf(" \n") ; break ; 50 case 0: printf(" \n") ; break ; 51 case 1: printf(" \n") ; break ; 52 default: printf(" \n") ; 53 } return 0 ; 56 }

79 sample9.c 1 /* sample9.c: */ 2 3 /* */ 4 /* 1: */ 5 /* 2: */ 6 /* 3: */ 7 8 #include <stdio.h> 9 10 int main( ) 11 { 12 float x[5], xdummy ; 13 int n, i, j, imin ; n = 5 ; 16 /* */ 17 printf("%d \n", n) ; 18 for( i=1 ; i<=n ; i=i+1 ) { 19 printf("%d -> ", i) ; 20 scanf("%g", &x[i-1]) ; 21 } /* */ 24 printf(" ") ; 25 for( i=1 ; i<=n ; i=i+1 ) printf(" %g",x[i-1]) ; 26 printf(" \n") ; /* 29 */ /* */ 33 printf(" ") ; 34 for( i=1 ; i<=n ; i=i+1 ) printf(" %g",x[i-1]) ; 35 printf(" \n") ; return 0 ; 38 }

80 txt Windows z: samples test.txt Asai 90 Mori 70 Kanai 100 Hori 80

81 ftest1.c 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 4 #define NMAX char namae[nmax][21] ; 7 float tokuten[nmax] ; 8 int n ; 9 10 int main( ) 11 { 12 char fairumei[100] ; 13 int k ; 14 FILE *fp ; printf("enter the name of datafile: ") ; scanf("%s",fairumei) ; /* Open the file */ 19 fp=fopen(fairumei,"r") ; 20 /* Error check */ 21 if( fp == NULL ) { 22 printf("can t open file %s\n",fairumei) ; 23 return 1 ; 24 } 25 /* Loop until encounter EOF */ 26 n = 0 ; 27 while( n<nmax && 28 fscanf(fp,"%s %g",namae[n],&tokuten[n])==2 ) 29 n = n+1 ; 30 /* Close the file */ 31 fclose(fp) ; printf("number of data:%3d\n", n) ; 34 printf("%3s %-16s%8s\n", "No.", "Name", "Tokuten") ; 35 for( k=0 ; k<n ; k=k+1 ) 36 printf("%3d %-16s%8.2f\n", k+1, namae[k], tokuten[k]) ; return 0 ; 39 }

82 ftest2.c main 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 4 #define NMAX char fairumei[100] ; 7 char namae[nmax][21] ; 8 float tokuten[nmax] ; 9 int n ; void ReadFileName( ) 12 { 13 printf("enter the name of datafile: ") ; scanf("%s",fairumei) ; 14 } int ReadFile( ) 17 { 18 FILE *fp ; /* Open the file */ 21 fp=fopen(fairumei,"r") ; 22 /* Error check */ 23 if( fp == NULL ) { 24 printf("can t open file %s\n",fairumei) ; 25 return 1 ; /* fail */ 26 } 27 /* Loop until encounter EOF */ 28 n = 0 ; 29 while( n<nmax && 30 fscanf(fp,"%s %g",namae[n],&tokuten[n])==2 ) 31 n = n+1 ; 32 /* Close the file */ 33 fclose(fp) ; 34 return 0 ; /* success */ 35 } void PrintList( ) 38 { 39 int k ; 40 printf("number of data:%3d\n", n) ; 41 printf("%3s %-16s%8s\n", "No.", "Name", "Tokuten") ; 42 for( k=0 ; k<n ; k=k+1 ) 43 printf("%3d %-16s%8.2f\n", k+1, namae[k], tokuten[k]) ; 44 } int main( ) 47 {

83 /* get name of the datafile */ 49 ReadFileName() ; 50 /* read data */ 51 if( ReadFile() == 1 ) return 1 ; /* if fail, exit */ 52 /* print list of data */ 53 PrintList() ; return 0 ; 56 }

84 ftest3.c 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 4 #define NMAX struct Kojin { 7 char namae[21] ; 8 float tokuten ; 9 } ; char fairumei[100] ; 12 struct Kojin KojinData[NMAX] ; 13 int n ; void ReadFileName( ) 16 { 17 printf("enter the name of datafile: ") ; scanf("%s",fairumei) ; 18 } int ReadFile( ) 21 { 22 FILE *fp ; /* Open the file */ 25 fp=fopen(fairumei,"r") ; 26 /* Error check */ 27 if( fp == NULL ) { 28 printf("can t open file %s\n",fairumei) ; 29 return 1 ; /* fail */ 30 } 31 /* Loop until encounter EOF */ 32 n = 0 ; 33 while( n<nmax && 34 fscanf(fp,"%s %g", 35 KojinData[n].namae,&KojinData[n].tokuten)==2 ) 36 n = n+1 ; 37 /* Close the file */ 38 fclose(fp) ; 39 return 0 ; /* success */ 40 } void PrintList( ) 43 { 44 int k ; 45 printf("number of data:%3d\n", n) ; 46 printf("%3s %-16s%8s\n", "No.", "Name", "Tokuten") ;

85 for( k=0 ; k<n ; k=k+1 ) 48 printf("%3d %-16s%8.2f\n", k+1, KojinData[k].namae, KojinData[k].tokuten) ; 49 } int main( ) 52 { 53 /* get name of the datafile */ 54 ReadFileName() ; 55 /* read data */ 56 if( ReadFile() == 1 ) return 1 ; /* if fail, exit */ 57 /* print list of data */ 58 PrintList() ; return 0 ; 61 }

87 sample5.c (km) ( ) (km/h) n v 0 (m/ ) ( 0) t v (m/ ) y (m) ( 9.8m/ 2 ) 13.2 ax + b =0 x a b 1. a =0 b =0 2. a =0 b 0 3. a (1) for()

88 (2) sample8.c for() while() goto 13.5

89 III C

91 auto break case char continue default double else enum extern float for if int long register short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void while " char " \ "abc" " " 1 a z A Z 2 0 9

92 Tab Enter /* */ a f A F x 0X x12 0xAB 0X16-0xa8 1 ASCII \ 3 8 \x e E e6 4.1e = =

93 : ASCII a a 97 \ \x x10 16 \\ \ 92 \ 39 \a Alert 7 \b Back Space 8 Back Space \t TAB 9 Tab \n New Line 10 \f Form Feed 12 \r Return : *3 6 5/3 1 5%

94 : == 5==3 0!= 5!=3 1 < 5<3 0 > 5>3 1 <= 5<=3 0 >= 5>=3 1 NOT AND OR :!! 1==2 1 && 5<3 && 1<2 0 1<2 2<3 1 () 1+2 *3 4+6 /7 /8 C

95 a b1 xyz A my_name 1st if My Name kyori / jikan joutei + katei * takasa / C 14.5 float takasa ; short a, b, c ; ;

96 : C 1 char 2 short short int 4 long long int 2 4 int 4 float 6 8 double 15 unsigend unsigned char= (0 255 ) = float takasa, teihen, menseki ; /* */ takasa = 3 ; /* takasa 3 */ teihen = 5 ; /* teihen 5 */ menseki = takasa * teihen / 2 ; /* menseki */ C : C = += -= *= /= %=

97 ; { } if if if x < 0 x = -x ; if 1 else 2 if x < 0 y = -x ; else y = x ; 14.1 if ( ) if ( ) False True False True ( ) 1( ) 2( ) 14.1: if

98 printf printf printf, ; printf) ( ) printf %, : %c char %hd 10 short %ld 10 long %d 10 int %f 10 float %g 10 float %lf 10 double %lg 10 double %s char int a ; a = 3 ; printf "a = %d\n", a ; a = 3

99 scanf scanf scanf, ; scanf % &, : %c char %hd 10 short %ld 10 long %d 10 int %f 10 float %g 10 float %lf 10 double %lg 10 double int a ; scanf "%d", &a ; a a 123[Enter] [Enter] 54.3

100

101 ( 2) ( ) goto goto if : ; 1 goto... :... hajime: goto hajime ; do while REPEAT UNTIL do while ( ) do while goto

102 float a ;... do { scanf("%g",&a) ; } while( a<0 ) ; a while ( ) True False 15.1: do while while DO WHILE while ( ) for while 15.2 float a ;... while( 1 ) { scanf("%g",&a) ; }

103 15.1. ( 2) 103 False True ( ) 15.2: while for for ( 1 ; 2 ; 3 ) for ( ) ; int x ; for ( x=1 ; x<=10 ; x+=1 ) printf("x=%d\n",x) ;

104 False True ( ) 15.3: for() break break for while do while switch case switch ( ) { case 1 : 1 break; case 2 : 2 break; case n : n break; default: } break break

105 == 1 True 1( ) break False break == 2 True 2( ) break False break (default: ) ( ) : switch case [ ] ( ) f[n+2] = f[n]+f[n+1] ; 3 ( ) [ ( ) ] ; [ ] float MatrixA[3][5] ; /* 3x5 */ 3 Dynamic Allocation

106 #include C 15.1 stdio.h string.h ctype.h math.h stdlib.h time.h 15.1: ( ) stdio.h stdio.h string.h char

107 : stdio.h printf(fmt,data...) scanf(fmt,data...) fopen(name,mode) fclose(file) fprintf(file,fmt,data...) fscanf(file,fmt,data...) fmt name mode (char ) data ( ) file fopen() FILE strcat(s,t) strcpy(s,t) strchr(s,c) 15.3: string.h s t s t s c ( NULL) strcmp(s,t) s t ( 0) strlen(s) s ( \0 ) s t char c int strcat(),strcpy(),strchr() char strcmp(),strlen() int ctype.h C math.h C

108 : ctype.h isalpha(c) isupper(c) islower(c) isdigit(c) isalnum(c) isspace(c) toupper(c) c (a-za-z) c c c c c c tolower(c) c c int int 15.5: math.h sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) exp(x) log(x) log10(x) sqrt(x) pow(x,y) fabs(x) ceil(x) x ( ) x ( ) x ( ) e x x x y x x floor(x) x x double double

109 C FILE FILE fopen fopen fopen 15.6 fopen NULL 5 NULL stdio.h 0 NULL if scanf fscanf printf fprintf 4 FILE 5

110 : fopen ( ) r w a b rb t rt b t UNIX MS-DOS Windows \r \n Macintosh \r UNIX \n b t fclose fclose char atom_symbol[20][3] ; /* 20 */ short atom_number[20] ; /* */ float atom_weight[20] ; /* */ C struct struct { /* */ 6

111 ) } ; struct atom { char symbol[3] ; short number ; float weight ; } ; int float 20 struct atom atoms[20] ; struct atom #define typedef 7 typedef ; typedef struct atom ATOM ; ATOM atoms[20] ; atoms[0] = atoms[1] ;. atoms[0] atoms[0].weight 7 #define #define PI typedef

112

113 113 A C [10] [3] [6] [5] [11] [12] [13] [7]

114

115 115 B [4] C Kernighan [2] [1] [8] UNIX C C++ C [9] C OS

116 116 B Web 10 Web HTML XML CGI Java C

117 117 [1] Andrew Binstock, JohnRex.., [2] Brian W. Kernighan, RobPike.., [3] Brian W. Kernighan, P.J.Plauger. ( )., [4] Brian W. Kernighan, P.J.Plauger.., [5].., [6].., [7]..., [8].., [9].., [10].., [11].., [12].., [13].., 1992.

118 118 BIOS, 19 ENIAC, 19 IPL, 18 OS, see RAM, 18 ROM, 18 C, 21, see, 20, 20, 20, 20, 17, 15, 15, 15, 15, 37 38, 46, 27, 27, 23 24, 24 25, 17, 17, 19, 19, 17, see, 17, 17, 18, 18, see, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18 break, 104 do while, for, 77, 103 goto, 101 if..else.., 70, 97 switch..case.., 77, 104 typedef, 111 while, 102, 69, 93 94, 95 char, 96 double, 96 float, 69, 96 int, 68, 96 long, 96 short, 96 struct, 84,

119 119, 95, 68, 68, 84, 91 95, 95, 69, 77, 81, 96, 68, 92, 92, 69, 75, 76, 105, 97, 97, 97, 97, 95, 106 #define, 81, 111 #include, 68, 21 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 17, 19, 17, 17, 106 ctype.h, 108 math.h, 108 stdio.h, 107 string.h, 107, 19, 23, ceil, 108 cos, 108 exp, 108 floor, 108 log, 108 log10, 108 pow, 108 sin, 108 sqrt, 108 tan, 108 rand, 72 srand, 72 time, 72, fclose, 81, 107 fopen, 81, 107 fprintf, 107 fscanf, 81, 107 printf, 68, 98, 107 scanf, 70, 99, 107 isalnum, 108 isalpha, 108 isdigit, 108 islower, 108 isspace, 108 isupper, 108 tolower, 108 toupper, 108 strcat, 107 strchr, 107 strcmp, 107 strcpy, 107 strlen, 107, 23

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