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1 15:25-16:05, March 28th, 2013

2 :30-14:

3

4 Q 1 η th = Q 1 Q 2 Q 1 =1 1 ε κ 1 Q2 ε κ EGR NOx 2,000 Quenching by cold cylinder wall 50% for grand electrode Spark plug 10% for electrode 40% for combustion Piston (a) Spark plug

5

6 Nature 4951, 1217 (1964). Q-spoiled ruby laser - Energy : 200 mj - Pulse width : 20 ns - Peak power : 5-10 MW - Focusing lens : 8 mm Breakdown: Plasma / Shock wave - electron density and temp. : ne = cm -1, Te = 4 ev (~ 48,000 K) Radiation supported detonation wave - Taylor s blast wave theory ---> Laser Ignition Laser beam Window / optics Piston (b) Laser based multi-point breakdown

7 SAE , 555 (1974). Q-sw. Nd:YAG laser - Energy : 500 mj - Pulse width : 20 ns - Peak power : 25 MW - Efficiency : < 0.5 % - Temp : ~ 150

8 RE 3+ 4f n : Radial distribution function Natural Quantum Box Shilded by outerlying 5s 2 5p 6 electrons Radius (A ) Spatial distribution of 4f, 5s,5p,5d,6s electrons* *Science of rare earths, Kagaku-dojin p.5 (1999) in Japanese > MW ns ps - fs

9 B = 115 B = 140 kw/sr-cm 2 TW/sr-cm 2 Pulse duration rη(r) τ p r 1 lnr τ c r : inversion ratio to threshold η(r) : extraction efficiency τ c : cavity lifetime H. Sakai, H. Kan, T. Taira, Opt. Express, 16(24), (2008)! 0.96 mj! 480 ps! 1.7 MW! M 2 = 1.05! < 5.1 pm!! <20 mw/pulse T B = ~2 x K T B = 6,000 K Molecular Free electron ~10 12 to W/cm 2 ( -ns ) Photon Q-sw. Molecular Q-sw. Free electron fs ns ps ns µs ms s Opt. Mater. Express., 1 (5), (2011).

10 Nature photonics, 2 (9), 515 (2008). 35mJ 11mJ!! C3H8 15.3! ~830mm (f=300mm) (f=10mm) >10MW Microchip laser Conventional ps mode locked lasers 35mJ 2mJ 40µs 600µs 1000µs! mm! A/F = 14.5! 1600rpm 13.3Hz 1800µs 5000 x 1667

11 Composite Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG ceramic (Ø9mm x 9.5mml) Optics Express, 19(10), 9378 (2011). CLEO Press Release April 20 - May 18 Web Total: > 360

12

13 9% 26% , , , kl/ ,313 kl/ ,034 kl/ ,578 kl/

14 75 25~30%35~50%

15 , GW25 ) GW Annual Energy Outlook 2012 with Projections to 2035 / ~ MJ/ % Fig. DOE/EIA-0383(2012) June 2012,

16 OSA News Release releases/ /lasersparksrevolution.aspx BBC News LD CO % NOx 1 st Laser Ignition Conference 2013 (LIC 13) Co-located with Optics & Photonics International Congress 2013 < April 23 (Tue.) 26 (Fri.), 2013, Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan Paper Deadline: Dec. 20 (Tue.) 2012 A. High brightness lasers for ignition and diagnostics -! Micro solid-state photonics: advanced laser crystals, ceramics, and micro-domain controlled materials -! Giant micro-photonics: mega-watt class giant pulse generation from micro photonics -! High power and reliable diode lasers: high power VCSELs, DFB and VBG based diodes, etc. -! High power and reliable fiber or fiber lasers, include pump delivery or giant pulse generation B. Laser ignited engines for power generation and vehicle -! Laser induced breakdown plasma and combustion process analysis -! Laser ignition for electrical power generator and gas engine -! Laser ignition for automobile engine, using gasoline, gas, or any other fuels. -! Future combustion systems: combination with plasma assisted combustion C. Applications of high brightness laser (Should be Joint Symposium) -! Nonlinear optics: harmonic wave generations (SHG, THG, FHG, SFG, OPO/OPG, DFG, etc. -! Diagnostics: LIBS, mass spectroscopy, gas sensing, etc. -! Materials processing: laser drilling, laser peening, etc. -! Bio-medical applications: multi-photon microscopy, laser surgery, laser therapy, etc.

17 Pulse energy : 5 mj Pulse width : 5 ns (~1MW) M 2 ~100? Rep. rate : 30 Hz Average Power : 0.15 W Pulse energy : 0.6 mj Pulse width : 1ns - 200ps M 2 ~ 3 4.3MW Rep. rate : 100Hz ~1kHz Average Power : 0.08 ~ 0.8 W VUV 118nm kw ~ MW?? THz Wave Generation by Microchip Laser High Brightness Narrow and High peak power Max. output ~ 1.1 kw THz Max. output ~ 120 W (peak) Opt. Express, 20 (3), 2811 (2012), INVITED Top 10 by OSA Max. output ~ 10 W (peak) Pumping energy 12 mj/pulse Seeding power: 500 mw Pumping energy 12 mj/pulse Seeding power: 80 mw Pumping energy 0.6 mj/pulse Seeding power: 80 mw

18 Yb:S-FAP [Yb 3+ :Sr5(PO4)3F] hexagonal > Conventional laser ceramics are limited to cubic materials Optical scattering at randomly oriented grain boundaries in anisotropic polycrystalline

19 -e + H Magnetic energy: Force : Magnetic levitation / patterning Torque : Magnetic orientation First Laser in Anisotropic Ceramics

20 Thank you for your attention Giant Micro photonics This work was partially financed by Japan Science and Technical Agency (JST), and partially supported by DENSO Company, Japan. The authors thank Mr. Mizutani of the IMS Equipment Development Division for the help with the laser module design.

Fig.2 Optical-microscope image of the Y face-cross sec- tion of the bulk domain structure of a 0.4-mm-thick MgO-LiNbO3 crystal after chemical etching.

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