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1 SA210A

2 1 introduction Positronium Positronium moderation ortho-ps Na CsI CAMAC Pulse-Height-ADC CsI CsI ortho-ps ortho-ps TDC TDC TDC A phadc CAMAC 39 B TDC CAMAC 42 i

3 1 Ps Na moderation Na PMT1 Na 2250V PMT1 Na 1950V 2000V 2050V 2100V PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co energy PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co energy 2d-plot PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co allenergy PMT2 PMT3 Na22 co energy PMT2 PMT3 Na22 co energy 2d-plot phadc phadc Moderator phadc Moderator phadc Al W Moderator phadc W-powder normalize W-powder TDC t TDC TDC KeV KeV ii

4 1 introduction 1.1 Positronium 2 r e v σ 2 σ 2 = πr2 e 1 + γ γ2 + 4γ + 1 ln ( γ + γ γ ) γ + 3 γ2 1 (1) γ = 1 1 ( vc )2 (2) (1) σ 2 = πre 2 c v (3) λ 2 ρ λ 2 = σ 2 ρv = πre 2 cρ (4) λ 3 λ 3 = σ 3 ρv = 4 3 (π2 9)αr e cρ λ (5) α (1/137) 1

5 (5) 3 2 1/370 1 λ 2 (Ps) Ps (e ) (e + ) (γ ) (QED) Ps S 1 para-ps( ) 3 ortho-ps( ) S=1 (3 ) S=0 (1 ) para-ps 2 ortho-ps 3 e - e + e - e + para-ps life time 125psec ortho-ps life time 142nsec 1: Ps 2

6 Ps Ps a B (0.106nm) (6.8eV) Ps ρ Ps = 1 p Ps 8πa 3 B o Ps λ p Ps = 4σ 2 ρ Ps v = α5 m e c s 1 (6) λ o Ps = 4 3 σ 3ρ Ps v = 2(π2 9)α 6 m e c 2 9π s 1 (7) τ p Ps = 1 λ p Ps 125ps (8) τ o Ps = 1 λ o Ps 142ns (9) para-ps 125psec ortho-ps 142nsec QED ortho-ps τ ortho Ps = nsec (QED 2002) τ ortho Ps = nsec ( 2002) 3

7 1.2 Positronium ( 22 Na) ortho-ps 22 Na 0.545MeV Ps Ps moderator moderation( ) e + 22 Na positron Max energy 0.54MeV B + decay 22 Ne * excited state 22 Ne γ -ray 1.28MeV 2: Na22 4

8 1.2.1 moderation Al(-0.2eV) Cr(-1.7eV) Cu( eV) Ni(-1.1eV) Si(- 1.0eV) W(-2.54eV) ( ) Ps Ps (O 2,N 2 ) moderator Al W 1 m + e e + γ -ray e - annihilation e + γ -ray Ps release e + e - moderator powder 3: moderation 5

9 1.2.2 λ Ne σ λ = 1 σne σ σ = πr γ γ2 + 4γ + 1 ln ( γ + γ γ ) γ + 3 γ2 1 (10) (11) r 0 = α m e c 2 γ = E + m e c 2 E + α m e ( ) c 22 Na 0.545MeV pc 0.5MeV σ m e c 2 0.5MeV E + = m e c 2 + p 2 c 2 = 2 MeV (12) 2 (11) α 1 c = m/s 137 = MeV c Ne( ) (10) σ = m 2 (13) Ne = /m 3 λ = 74.30m (14) 0.5MeV 6

10 1.2.3 N 2 ( ) O 2 ( )=7:3 d d = 1.29mg/cm 3 N O 1mol N 14.01g/mol 7 O 16.00g/mol g/mol 7 3 mol g/mol mol = g/mol (15) mol Na ( mol mol) = /mol (16) Ne Ne = Na( ) = /mol 1.29mg/cm mg/mol /mol = /m 3 (17) 7

11 2 ortho-ps 22 Na e + moderation ortho-ps 3 3γ CsI Side view powder (moderator) CsI CsI e + Na22 Top view CsI 120 γ -ray CsI CsI powder 4: 8

12 Na 22 Na 22 Na Ne β MeV 0.3psec 22 Ne 1.274MeV γ 22 Ne 0.511MeV γ 0.511MeV γ β MeV γ 3 22 Na γ Ps 22 Na 5 Na22 e + 100micro m scintilator 14mm Na22 25micro m mylar 5: Na22 9

13 2.1.2 CsI CsI CsI CsI γ CAMAC Pulse-Height-ADC ADC(peak-hold Analog-to-Digital Converter) ADC CsI γ NIM ( ) 12 CAMAC 10

14 CsI 22 Na 0.511MeV γ-ray CsI PMT1 1.27MeV γ-ray phadc HV Dis DiS Discriminator GG Gate Generator ADC Gate GG 6: CsI (4cm 4cm 3cm) CsI 22 Na ADC 7 CsI 2.25kV ADC ch 7: PMT1 Na 2250V 11

15 2.25kV ch70 ch MeV γ 0.5MeV Discriminator ch700 β MeV γ 0.5MeV 1.27MeV 1.27MeV γ 8: PMT1 Na 1950V 2000V 2050V 2100V kV 2.00kV 2.05kV 2.10kV 1.28MeV γ Peak 12

16 CsI CsI CsI 22 Na 2 CsI AND γ (0.511MeV) ADC CsI 3 PMT1 PMT2 PMT1 PMT3 HV 0.511MeV HV PMT CsI γ γ CsI PMT γ -source ch0 Discriminator Discriminator A N D Gate Generator ch1 Gate CAMAC Pulse Height ADC 9: 13

17 10: PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co 10 phadc ch PMT1 PMT2 2.0kV 0.511MeV PMT1 Peak 145ch 70ch Peak =75 phadc 0.511MeV Peak 2.0kV 75ch phadc 14

18 11: PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co energy 12: PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co energy 2d-plot 15

19 11 (kev) PMT1 PMT2 511keV 350keV 511keV 12 PMT1 PMT2 511keV 511keV 350keV 350keV 511keV 350keV 350keV 511keV 16

20 13: PMT1 PMT2 Na22 co allenergy 13 2 CsI 1000keV γ 511keV 17

21 14: PMT2 PMT3 Na22 co energy 15: PMT2 PMT3 Na22 co energy 2d-plot 18

22 14 PMT2 PMT3 PMT2 PMT3 15 PMT2 PMT3 19

23 2.2 ortho-ps Moderation Ps 3 ( ) 0.511MeV 20

24 2.2.1 CsI Na Moderator Al W 10cm 2.0kV 3 CsI AND Gate 14 sec phadc Moderator Al W Moderator 17 HV PMT2 CsI r-ray CsI CsI HV PMT3 PMT1 HV powder CAMAC Pulse Height ADC Shaper AMP ch3 ch2 ch1 Gate Gate Generator Gate Generator A N D veto Discriminator Discriminator Discriminator 16: 21

25 PMT4 Over view PMT2 CsI 120 r-ray PMT3 CsI CsI powder PMT1 Side view powder (moderator) PMT3 CsI CsI e + PMT1 Na22 17: 22

26 2.2.2 Moderator Al 18: 23

27 19: 3 phadc 24

28 Moderator 20: 25

29 21: 3 phadc 26

30 Moderator 22: Moderator 27

31 23: 3 phadc Moderator 28

32 Al-powder W-powder Moderator 24: phadc Al W Moderator 29

33 (24) W-powder phadc 1MeV Peak Ps counts counts/h moderator Al-powder 104h W-powder 94h no-moderator 61h moderator Al W moderator count count moderator 1 Al-powder moderator 1.18 W-powder moderator

34 25: phadc W-powder 26: normalize W-powder (26) W-powder normalize moderator 1MeV peak Ps 31

35 3 ortho-ps ortho-ps 0 para-ps 123psec ortho-ps 142nsec 2 2 TDC 3.1 t N(t) dn(t) = λn(t) (18) dt λ ( ) (18) N(t) = N(0)e λt (19) t+dt -dn τ τ = 0 tdn N(0) = λte λt = 1 dn 0 λ (20) τ 1 λ TDC t 32

36 PMT 3.2 TDC TDC 1 1 NIM TDC 12 ADC CAMAC CAMAC TDC 1 5nsec start signal stop signal τ-ortho-ps 27: TDC t powder (moderator) TDC stop signal PMT CsI CsI e + Na22 PMT TDC stop signal TDC start signal 28: TDC 33

37 3.2.1 TDC CsI PMT1 phadc HV Dis GG GG GG TDC stop TDC stop TDC stop CsI PMT2 HV Dis A N D CsI PMT3 HV Dis Na22 PMT HV Dis GG A N D GG ADC Gate GG TDC start DiS Discriminator GG Gate Generator 29: TDC 29 TDC PMT1:2.0KV PMT2:2.0KV PMT3:2.0KV Na22PMT:2.4KV Na m start 3 CsI Na22 AND start CsI stop phadc TDC 34

38 3.2.2 TDC phadc o-ps 3 3 CsI 1.2MeV fitting 35

39 3.3 TDC Moderator TDC 30: 1250KeV 36

40 31: 1250KeV KeV KeV 0 TDC 60ch TDCch60 Peak KeV ortho-ps Fitting moderator τ ortho Ps τ w = 123 ± 62nsec (21) ortho-ps (142nsec) data 37

41 4 ortho-ps ortho-ps TDC Al W 1 moderation ( 2.6 ) rate 38

42 A phadc CAMAC #include <stdio.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include <sys/errno.h> #include "camlib.h" #define read_adc 0 #define test_lam_adc 8 #define clear_adc 9 #define clear_lam_adc 10 static int data1,data2,data3, q1,q2,q3, x1,x2,x3; FILE *f1; main(argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { int i, j,a,status, nevts,stn,channel1,channel2,channel3; char fname[20]; if (argc == 1 strcmp(argv[1], "help") == 0 strcmp(argv[1], "-h") == 0) { printf("usage : testadc (station # of the module) (# of channel1) (# of ch exit(0); } sscanf(argv[1],"%d",&stn); sscanf(argv[2],"%d",&channel1); sscanf(argv[3],"%d",&channel2); sscanf(argv[4],"%d",&channel3); sscanf(argv[5],"%d",&nevts); sscanf(argv[6],"%s",&fname); if (CAMOPN()){ 39

43 } printf("camac open error\n"); exit(1); CSETCR(1); CGENZ(); CGENC(); CREMI(); /* clear */ CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, clear_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel2, clear_adc), &data2, &q2, &x2); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel3, clear_adc), &data3, &q3, &x3); // printf("data:%d q:%d x:%d \n",data,q,x); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, clear_lam_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); // printf("data:%d q:%d x:%d \n",data,q,x); data1 = 1; data2 = 1; data3 = 1; /* CAMAC */ for( i = 0; i < nevts; i++) { while(1) { status = CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, test_lam_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); // printf("status:%d data:%d q:%d x:%d \n",status,data,q,x); if (q1!= 0) break; } CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, read_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel2, read_adc), &data2, &q2, &x2); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel3, read_adc), &data3, &q3, &x3); 40

44 // printf("[%d:%d:%d]\n",data,q,x); f1=fopen(fname,"a"); fprintf(f1,"%d %d %d\n",data1,data2,data3); printf("%s %d %d %d %d\n",fname,data1,data2,data3,i); fclose(f1); data1=255; data2=255; data3=255; } /* clear */ CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, clear_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel2, clear_adc), &data2, &q2, &x2); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel1, clear_lam_adc), &data1, &q1, &x1); CAMAC(NAF(stn, channel3, clear_adc), &data3, &q3, &x3); } /* close CAMAC */ CAM_Close(); 41

45 B TDC CAMAC #include <stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<time.h> #include <sys/errno.h> #include "camlib.h" #define LOOP 10 #define ADC 10 #define ADCCH 0 #define MAX 4000 static int read_adc, write_adc, clear_adc, test_lam_adc, clear_lam_adc, test_module_adc, disable_lam_adc, enable_lam_adc, dumy, q, x; FILE *f1; main(argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { int i, j,a,status, nevts; char fname[20]; int jikan; int mon,day,hou,min; time_t ltime; struct tm*today; ltime=time(null); today=localtime(&ltime); mon=today->tm_mon+1; day=today->tm_mday; hou=today->tm_hour; min=today->tm_min; jikan=mon* day*10000+hou*100+min; sprintf(fname,"otdc%d.dat",jikan); if (argc == 1 strcmp(argv[1], "help") == 0 42

46 } strcmp(argv[1], "-h") == 0) { printf("usage : adc (# of events)\n"); exit(0); sscanf(argv[1],"%d",&nevts); read_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 0); test_lam_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 8); clear_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 9); clear_lam_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 10); disable_lam_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 24); test_module_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 25); enable_lam_adc = NAF(ADC, ADCCH, 26); if (CAMOPN()){ printf("camac open error\n"); exit(1); } CSETCR(1); CGENZ(); CGENC(); CREMI(); /* clear */ CAMAC(clear_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); // printf("dumy:%d q:%d x:%d \n",dumy,q,x); CAMAC(clear_lam_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); // printf("dumy:%d q:%d x:%d \n",dumy,q,x); dumy = 1; /* CAMAC */ for( i = 0; i < nevts; i++) { // sleep(3); 43

47 while(1) { status = CAMAC(test_lam_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); // status = CAMAC(read_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); // printf("status:%d dumy:%d q:%d x:%d \n",status,dumy,q,x); // dumy += dumy*2; // for (j=0;j<10000;j++) { // CAMAC(NAF(12,0,16),&dumy,&q,&x); // } if (q!= 0) break; } CAMAC(read_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); // printf("%s",fname); f1=fopen(fname,"a"); // if(dumy<max){ // printf("[%d:%d:%d]\n",dumy,q,x); fprintf(f1,"%d\n",dumy); printf("%d\n",i); // } else{ if(dumy>max){ i=i-1; } fclose(f1); // } /* while(1){ status = CAMAC(NAF(ADC,0,0), &dumy, &q, &x); if (status & 0x01!=0) break; } */ dumy=255; 44

48 /* clear */ CAMAC(clear_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); CAMAC(clear_lam_adc, &dumy, &q, &x); } /* close CAMAC */ CAM_Close(); // fclose(f1); } 45

49 46

50 [1] [2] [3] L A TEX2e [4] KNOLL [5] 26 [6] 47

positron 1930 Dirac 1933 Anderson m 22Na(hl=2.6years), 58Co(hl=71days), 64Cu(hl=12hour) 68Ge(hl=288days) MeV : thermalization m psec 100

positron 1930 Dirac 1933 Anderson m 22Na(hl=2.6years), 58Co(hl=71days), 64Cu(hl=12hour) 68Ge(hl=288days) 0.5 1.5MeV : thermalization 10 100 m psec 100psec nsec E total = 2mc 2 + E e + + E e Ee+ Ee-c mc