011887 医用画像‐28‐3/★28‐3‐03教育講演資料‐永井様

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1 Roles of Examinations in Legal Medicine FromtheBasics of DNA Typing to Postmortem Imaging Atsushi NAGAI Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu , Japan Received on May 28, 2011 Abstract : This review describes the roles of examinations, particularly DNA typing and postmortem imaging, in legal medicine. DNA typing of the short tandem repeat STR locus is useful for personal identification because it can analyse a small amount of and/or degraded forensic sample by polymerase chain reaction PCR. The conventional procedure followed for DNA typing is multiplex STR analysis with capillary electrophoresis. Mitochondrial DNA analysis is an effective method for analysing small amounts of and/or degraded forensic samples in which even STR loci cannot be detected. Postmortem imaging by computed tomography CT is useful for forensic casework because it easily reveals bone fractures, pneumothorax and specific haemorrhagic lesions such as cerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage and subdural haematoma. Thus, DNA typing and postmortem imaging will increasingly play vital roles in legal medicine. Key words : legal medicine, personal identification, DNA typing, death investigation, postmortem imaging [1] [2, 3] DNA [4] [4, 5] [4] [4] auto fingerprint identification system AFIS [5, 6] [4] X [7, 8] DNA [4] ABO Rh HP GC ESD ACP ABO [9] DNA PCR DNA 2 DNA A G T C 4 2 A T G C DNA DNA DNA

2 1 30 DNA 16,569 DNA 1 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 7 allele 2 1 [9] DNA DNA DNA 1 DNA [10] 1 D1S80[11] [12] 1 [10] SNP ABO [13] SNP DNA 1,100 D HV1 HV2 HV3 HV3 STR DNA DNA DNA [14] DNA DNA DNA DNA VNTR DNA 100 [10] DNA HV3 STR DNA DNA Table 1 STR TH01 vwa CSF1PO TPOX F13A01 LPL FGA D16S539 D7S820 D13S317 D18S51 D21S11 DXS8378 DYS456 STR 11p p12-pter 5q p23-2pter 6p p22 4q28 16q24-qter 7q q22-q31 18q q11-21q21 Xp22.31 Y AATG TCTA AGAT AATG AAAG AAAT TTTC GATA GATA TATC AGAA TCTA CTAT AGAT Fig.1 VNTR STR. VNTR 16 STR VNTR STR Fig.2 SNP. Vol.28 No

3 2 PCR polymerase chain reaction ポリメラーゼ連鎖 反応 法 PCR 法とは DNA の特定の領域を短時間に数十万倍か ら百万倍量に増幅する方法である この PCR 法の登場に より 微量で劣化していることの多い法医学試料について も DNA 分析が行えるようになった PCR 法には 増幅したい DNA 領域の両端部分に相補的 に結合する 20 塩基程度の短い DNA 配列 プライマー のほか DNA の材料となる 4 種類の塩基 酵素 DNA ポ リメラーゼ などが用いられる それらと DNA とを反応 させることで目的の DNA 領域のみが増幅する 個人識別においては 以前は個々の DNA 型ごとに PCR 増幅を行うシングルプレックス singleplex PCR 法が広 く用いられていたが 現在では 特に STR や SNP に関し ては 同時に複数の DNA 型を増幅するマルチプレックス multiplex PCR 法が中心であり 各種のキットも市販さ れている なお マルチプレックス PCR 法では 検出の 際に同じような分子量を持つ DNA 型が重なってもそれぞ れを判別できるように あらかじめ DNA 型ごとに異なる 蛍光色素で標識したプライマーが使用される 3 フラグメント解析 主に VNTR や STR に対して行われる解析方法である 電気泳動法を用い PCR 増幅した試料 PCR 産物 をそ の繰り返し数の違い すなわち増幅サイズの差によって分 離し 検出する シングルプレックス PCR による PCR 産物の分離は平板 ゲル電気泳動にて行い 泳動後にエチジウムブロマイド染 色や銀染色などで DNA バンドを検出するのが一般的であ る 検出後は 同時に泳動したアレリックラダーマーカー の移動度との比較により 肉眼的に DNA バンドの持つ繰 り返し数を判定 型判定 する 一方 マルチプレックス PCR で得られた PCR 産物に関 しては まず平板ゲル電気泳動やキャピラリー電気泳動に て分離した PCR 産物にレーザー光や特定の波長の紫外線 を照射し PCR 産物に取り込まれている蛍光色素分子が 発する蛍光をゲルイメージ上の DNA バンド Fig.3 やエ レクトロフェログラム上のピーク Fig.4 として検出す る 次いで コンピュータ上でソフトウェアによりアレ リックラダーマーカーや内部標準マーカーと対比し コン ピュータが自動的に型判定を行う フラグメント解析は SNP に対しても用いられる その 際にはプライマーの長さを SNP の型により変えて PCR 産物の長さの違いで型判定を行う[9, 13] 4 シーケンス解析 直接 PCR 産物の塩基配列 DNA シーケンス を解読 する方法であり 主にミトコンドリア DNA 多型に対して 行われる PCR 産物のサイクルシーケンス反応を行い 得られたシーケンス反応産物を自動 DNA シーケンサーを 用いて解析し 塩基配列を決定する[15] Fig.5 にミトコ ンドリア DNA のシーケンス解析の一例を示す ミトコン ドリア DNA 多型の解析では 得られた塩基配列を標準塩 基配列である 修正ケンブリッジ参照配列 revised Cambridge reference sequence rcrs [16]と比較し その違い をミトコンドリア DNA 型として表記する 個人識別における利用性 VNTR は PCR 産物全体の長さが 400 1,000 塩基対ほど であるのに対し STR の全長は 塩基対と VNTR より短い DNA が劣化し 小さく断片化しているような 法医学試料では PCR 増幅は PCR 産物の長さが短い方が Fig.3 日立 FMBIO II Multi-View を用いた 8 種類の STR と amelogenin 性別判定用遺伝子座 の DNA バン ドパターン マルチプレックス PCR により増幅した PCR 産物を電気泳動後 標識した 2 色の蛍光色素 Fluorescein TMR が発する蛍光をそれぞれ 505 nm と 585 nm の異なるフィルターを使用して分離 し DNA バンドとして検出した 1 12 は試料を L はアレリックラダーマーカーを示す 68 医用画像情報学会雑誌

4 Fig.4 ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer を用いた 15 種類の STR と amelogenin 性別判定用遺伝子座 のエレクトロフェロ グラム 試料はマルチプレックス PCR キット ABI 社 に付属の陽性コントロール ピークの下の数字は各 STR にお けるアレルの繰り返し数を X は amelogenin の判定結果 X, X 女性 を示す Fig.5 Vol.28 No ミトコンドリア DNA のエレクトロフェログラム 69

5 [17] DNA STR STR PCR DNA DNA STR SNP PCR [17] VNTR STR SNP DNA SNP [9] DNA DNA 1 STR DNA [18] [19] [20] [19] [21] [22] [22] [22, 23] DNA [24] X computed tomography CT magnetic resonance imaging MRI postmortem imaging PMI [25] autopsy imaging Ai X CT MRI CT [25] CT CT CT [26] CT [25] CT [26] CT [26] [26] CT [25, 27] DNA DNA [28] DNA [29] [30] [31] 70

6 [ 1 ] http : // [ 2 ] NEW [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] X [ 8 ] X [ 9 ] NEW [10] DNA 2005 [11] Kasai K, Nakamura Y, White R: Amplification of a variable number of tandem repeats VNTR locus pmct118 by the polymerase chain reaction PCR and its application to forensic science, J Forensic Sci, 35 5, , [12] Nagai A, Yamada S, Bunai Y, et al: Analysis of the VNTR locus D1S80 in a Japanese population, Int J Legal Med, 106 5, , [13] Doi Y, Yamamoto Y, Inagaki S, et al : A new method for ABO genotyping using a multiplex single-base primer extension reaction and its application to forensic casework samples, Legal Med, 6 4, , [14] DNA Polymorphism [15] Mabuchi T, Susukida R, Kido A, et al : Typing the 1.1 kb control region of human mitochondrial DNA in Japanese individuals, J Forensic Sci, 52 2, , [16] Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, et al : Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA, Nature Genet, 23 2, 147, [17] DNA 2009 [18] [19] [20] NEW [21] DOA [22] [23] [24] He F, Huang D, Liu L, et al : A novel PCR-DGGE-based method for identifying plankton 16S rdna for the diagnosis of drowning, Forensic Sci Int, , , [25] [26] CT [27] Vogel H [28] Freitas NSC, Resque RL, Ribeiro-Rodrigues EM, et al : X-linked insertion/deletion polymorphisms : forensic applications of a 33-markers panel, Int J Legal Med, 124 6, , [29] Y DNA [30] Zubakov D, Liu F, van Zelm MC, et al : Estimating human age from T-cell DNA rearrangements, Curr Biol, 20 22, R970-R971, [31] Branicki W, Liu F, van Duijn K, et al : Model-based prediction of human hair color using DNA variants, Hum Genet, 129 4, , Vol.28 No

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