瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 Cotton 事件判決から Apprendi 準則違反の位相を知る八百章嘉.

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1 瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 Cotton 事件判決から Apprendi 準則違反の位相を知る八百章嘉.

2 瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 Cotton 事件判決から Apprendi 準則違反の位相を知る八百章嘉キーワード Apprendi Cotton Cotton Ⅰ. はじめに Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi v. New Jersey, U.S. ( ), at. Elements rule

3 Apprendi indictment defective indictment jurisdiction Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi error felony the Grand Jury Clause Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi Alleyne See, Andrew D. Leipold, Patrolling the Fenceline: How the Court Only Sometimes Cares about Preserving Its Role in Criminal Cases, in The Political Heart of Criminal Procedure (Michael Klarman, David Skeel & Carol Steiker eds., ), at. Apprendi, U.S., at (quoting Jones v. United States, U.S. ( ), at n. ). U.S. Const. Amend..

4 Cotton Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi Ⅱ.Cotton 事件判決 1. 事実の概要 Cotton United States v. Cotton, U.S. ( ). Oregon v. Ice, U.S. ( ), at (citing Apprendi, U.S., at ). - Sir James F. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law ( ), at.

5 detectable amount Cotton. objection Apprendi Apprendi Cotton, U.S., at -. Cotton Id., at. U.S.C. (b)( )(C) ( ). U.S.C. (b)( )(A)( ) ( ). Cotton, U.S., at. Id., at -. United States v. Cotton, F. d ( ), at.

6 Bain 2. 法廷意見 (Rehnquist 主席判事執筆 ) Rehnquist Bain a writ of habeas corpus Bain Bain Bain Id., at -. Ex parte Bain, U.S. ( ). Cotton, U.S., at,. Id., at. Id., -. Id., at (quoting Custis v. United States, U.S. ( ), at ; Wainwright v. Sykes, U.S. ( ), at ).

7 Bain Rehnquist subject-matter jurisdiction the grand jury right b plain error plain substantial rights the fairness, integrity, or public Id. (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Environment, U.S. ( ), at ). Id., at (citing United States v. Williams, U.S. ( ); Lamar v. United States, U.S. ( )). Id., at (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. (b); Smith v. United States, U.S. ( ), at ). Id., at.

8 reputation of judicial proceedings overwhelming essentially uncontroverted 3. 検討課題の抽出 Cotton Bain Apprendi Id., at - (quoting Johnson v. United States, U.S. ( ) at - (quoting United States v. Olano, U.S. ( ), at - )). Id., at. Id., at. Id., at.

9 Apprendi Cotton Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi U.S.C (b) Benjamin E. Rosenberg, The Analysis of Defective Indictments After United States v. Cotton, Crim. L. Bull ( ), at. Cotton, U.S., at. See also, Joshua A. T. Fairfield, To Err Is Human: The Judicial Conundrum of Curing Apprendi Error, Baylor L. Rev. ( ), at -. Roger A. Fairfax, Jr., The Jurisdictional Heritage of the Grand Jury Clause, Minn. L. Rev. ( ), at. Rosenberg, supra note at.

10 Ⅲ. 瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 1. 起訴状の十分性 sufficiency of indictment Cotton Bain Hamling Russell Note, Indictment Sufficiency, Colum. L. Rev. ( ), at.

11 Hamling Russell Hamling Resendiz-Ponce See, Almendarez-Torres v. United States, U.S. ( ), at. - Hamling v. United States, U.S. ( ), at. Id. Id. (citing Hagner v. United States, U.S. ( ); United States v. Debrow, U.S. ( )). Id., at -. Russell v. United States, U.S. ( ), at -. - Id., at.

12 Resendiz-Ponce harmless error attempt Hamling Russell Russell United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, U.S. ( ). Id., at - (citing Ashwander v. TVA, U.S. ( ), at ). Id., at. the intent to commit the crime overt act toward its commission Id., at (quoting Russell, U.S., at ). Fed. R. Crim. P. (c)( ). Resendiz-Ponce, U.S., at (quoting Debrow, U.S., at ).

13 Scalia Resendiz-Ponce Id., at. Id., at - (Scalia J., dissenting). Id., at (quoting United States v. Carll, U.S. ( ), at ). - Andrew Hessick, Institutional Roles: The Impact of Government Appellate Strategies on The Development of Criminal Law, Marq. L. Rev. ( ), at - Lindsey M. Vaughan, Case Note: Indictment Specificity in Alleging Attempt Crimes, Tenn. L. Rev. ( ), at.

14 Apprendi essential elements of the crime probable cause screening see, Ring v. Arizona, U.S. ( ),at ; Kennedy v. Mendoza- Martinez, U.S. ( ), at John Stinson, Secret Indictments: How to Discourage Them, How to Make Them Fair, Drexel L. Rev. ( ), at. See, Note, supra note at. Russell, U.S., at - ; Resendiz-Ponce, U.S., at. See, e.g., United States v. Phillips, F. d ( th Cir. ), at (Seymour, J., dissenting).

15 notice Apprendi sentencing factor Apprendi Jones carjacking Apprendi U.S.C. Cotton U.S.C. Apprendi Alfredo Garcia, The Fifth Amendment: A Comprehensive and Historical Approach, U. Tol. L. Rev. ( ), at - Jones v. United States, U.S. ( ). - See, e.g., United States v. Gonzalez-Mercado, F. d ( st Cir. ), at.

16 Apprendi b A b B A b C B A C C A Apprendi b A b C See, Lindsay Calkins, Is Drug Quantity an Element of 21 U.S.C 841 (b)? Determining the Apprendi Statutory Maximum, U. Chi. L. Rev. ( ), at -. U.S.C. ( & Supp ). See, e.g., United States v. Gonzalez, F. d ( nd Cir. ), at. Id., at,.

17 Apprendi b C Apprendi b C b A A mixing & matching b B b B b C A B Apprendi Apprendi See, e.g., United States v. Clark, F. d ( th Cir. ), at. Id., at (quoting United States v. Hernandez, F. d ( th Cir. ), at ). See, United States v. Goodine, F. d ( st Cir. ), at, -. -

18 Apprendi Cunningham b Booker Kimbrough Apprendi Harris Alleyne U.S.C. Apprendi Cunningham v. California, U.S. ( ). Id., at. See also, Blakely v. Washington, U.S. ( ), at ; United States v. Booker, U.S. ( ), at. Calkins, supra note at -. Kimbrough v. United States, U.S. ( ). Calkins, supra note at. Alleyne v. United States, S.Ct. ( ). -

19 2. 瑕疵ある起訴状と裁判権 Cotton Cotton see, Cotton, U.S., at O Brien see, United States v. O Brien, S.Ct. ( ), at U.S.C.. Ex parte McCardle, Wall. ( ), at.

20 Cotton Sara Sun Beale, Too Many and Yet Too Few: New Principles to Define the Proper Limits for Federal Criminal Jurisdiction, Hastings L. J. ( - ) See, Leipold, supra note at -.

21 Bill of Rights Bain Stirone Bain the Comptroller of the Currency surplusage United States v. Williams, U.S. ( ), at (quoting Hannah v. Larche, U.S. ( ), at (Frankfurter, J., concurring in result)). Sara Sun Beale et al., Grand Jury Law and Practice ( nd ed. & Supp. ) Fairfax Jr., supra note at. Ex parte Bain, U.S. ( ). - Stirone v. United States, U.S. ( ). Bain infamous Wilson Ex parte Wilson, U.S. ( ) id., at Bain, U.S., at.

22 Stirone constructive amendment of indictment Bain Bain Stirone Miller Id., at -. Id., at -. See, Fairfax Jr., supra note at -. Unites States v. Daraio, F. d ( ), at - - Stirone, U.S., at. Unites States v. Miller, U.S. ( ). -

23 Bain Bain Apprendi Cotton Apprendi Apprendi Id., at (quoting Ford v. United States, U.S. ( ), at ). Id., at,,. Bain, U.S., at. See, e.g., United States v. Brown, F. d ( th Cir. ), at ; see also, Rosenberg, supra note at.

24 Apprendi Apprendi Apprendi Bain Cotton Bain - Apprendi Benjamin J. Priester, The Canine Metaphor and the Future of Sentencing Reform: Dogs, Tails, and the Constitutional Law of Wagging, S.M.U. L. Rev. ( ), at - See, United States v. Prentiss, F. d ( th Cir. ), at. See, United States v. Cotton, F. d ( th Cir. ), at, rev d U.S. ( ).

25 Cotton Bain Cotton Cotton information Cotton Bain Bain Fairfax Jr., supra note at. See, Leipold, supra note at. Bain, U.S., at -.

26 Bain Cotton b Legal Realism b R. Pound Bain Cotton Lamar Lamar v. United States, U.S. ( ) Williams United States v. Williams, U.S. ( ) see, Leipold, supra note at Fairfax Jr., supra note at. Fed. R. Crim. P. (b). Fairfax Jr., supra note at. See, id., at -. See also, Leipold, supra note at.

27 rubber-stamp Gill Patton Roscoe Pound, The Future of the Criminal Law, Colum. L. Rev. ( ), at. See, John Davison Lawson, Technicalities in Procedure, Civil and Criminal, J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology ( ), at, ; Lenn J. Oare, Our Antiquated Criminal Procedure, Notre Dame Law. ( ), at. See also, Rollin M. Perkins, Absurdities in Criminal Procedure, Iowa L. Rev. ( ), at -. Albert Lieck, Abolition of the Grand Jury in England, J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology ( ) The Cleveland Found., Criminal Justice in Cleveland (Roscoe Pound & Felix Frankfurter eds., ), at. Id., at. Pound id., at Hurtado Hurtado v. California, U.S. ( ), at United States v. Gill, F. d (D.N.M. ). Patton v. United States, U.S. ( ), abrogated by Williams v. United States, U.S. ( ).

28 Gill b b Gill, F. d, at. Id., at. See, Fairfax Jr., supra note at -. See, Erwin C. Surrency, History of the Federal Courts ( nd ed. ), at. b Surrency, supra note at

29 b Cotton Cotton Bain Stirone Bain Russell Bain Bain b Perkins, supra note at. Stirone, U.S., at. Russell, U.S., at. Id. (quoting Ex parte Bain, U.S. ( ), at, overruled by United States v. Cotton, U.S. ( )).

30 Bain b Bain Cotton Cotton Apprendi Originalism Cotton United States v. Montgomery, F. d ( th Cir. ), at. Fairfax Jr., supra note at. Id., at -. See, Stephanos Bibas, Originalism and Formalism in Criminal Procedure: The Triumph of Justice Scalia, the Unlikely Friend of Criminal Defendants?, Geo. L. J. ( ), at. See, Anthony S. Barkow & Beth George, Prosecuting Political Defendants, Ga. L. Rev. ( ), at -.

31 3. 瑕疵ある起訴状とエラー論 Cotton Cotton Apprendi a harmless error b plain error Fairfield, supra note at. Fed. R. Crim. P. (a)(b). Roger A. Fairfax Jr., Harmless Constitutional Error and the Institutional Significance of the Jury, Fordham L. Rev. ( ), at -

32 a Chapman harmless Johnson v. United States, U.S. ( ), at (quoting United States v. Young, U.S. ( ), at ). Fairfield, supra note at. Fed. R. Crim. P. (a). Chapman v. United States, U.S. ( ). Id., at.

33 prejudice Neder v. United States, U.S. ( ), at (citing Chapman, U.S., at ) Johnson, U.S., at - (quoting United States v. Olano, U.S. ( ), at ). Fairfield, supra note at. Olano, U.S., at.

34 structural error complete denial of counsel a biased trial judge racial discrimination in selection of a grand jury denial of self-representation at trial denial of public trial a defective reasonable doubt instruction trial error Ramirez-Burgos v. United States, F. d ( st Cir. ), at. Neder a Neder, U.S., at Id., at.

35 a See, Pope v. Illinois, U.S. ( ), at. But see, Fairfax Jr., supra note at. Fairfield, supra note at. Kendra Oyer, Classifying Constructive Amendment as Trial or Structural Error, U. Pa. L. Rev. ( ), at -

36 b Neder Bain Cotton Bain Neder Rosenberg, supra note at.

37 Neder Stirone Bain Cotton Stirone b Cotton Stirone a Cotton, U.S., at. Rosenberg, supra note at.

38 Russell a bill of particulars Russell Bain Stirone c discovery Russell, U.S., at -. Fed. R. Crim. P. (c). Rosenberg, supra note at.

39 Cotton Cotton Allen See, Rosenberg, supra note at -. United States v. Allen, F. d ( th Cir. ), reh g en banc granted, judgment vacated (May, ), and on reh g en banc, F. d ( th Cir. ) (en banc).

40 a a b a b a Id., at -.

41 b Cotton Allen Cotton Cotton See, e.g., Olano, U.S., at. Allen, F. d., at.

42 Cotton Cotton

43 Ⅳ. おわりに Cotton See, Fairfield, supra note at. See, Fairfax Jr., supra note at. Bennett L. Gershman, Hard Strikes and Foul Blows : Berger v. United States 75 Years After, Loy. U. Chi. L. J. ( ), at - Berger - See, Stephanos Bibas, The Machinery of Criminal Justice ( ), at. S. Wachtler Leipold, supra note at.

44 Apprendi Cotton Apprendi Josh Bowers, The Normative Case for Normative Grand Juries, Wake Forest L. Rev. ( ), at. See, Ric Simmons, Re-Examining the Grand Jury: Is There Room for Democracy in the Criminal Justice System?, B. U. L. Rev. ( ), at, ; Roger A. Fairfax Jr., Grand Jury Discretion and Constitutional Design, Cornell L. Rev. ( ), at -. See, Benjamin J. Priester, Apprendi Land Becomes Bizarro World: Policy Nullification and Other Surreal Doctrines in the New Constitutional Law of Sentencing, Santa Clara L. Rev. ( ), at -.

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瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 Cotton 事件判決から Apprendi 準則違反の位相を知る 八百章嘉.

瑕疵ある起訴状への法的対応論 Cotton 事件判決から Apprendi 準則違反の位相を知る八百章嘉.