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1 A Study on Extracting Domain-Specific Vocabulary from Current English Texts Using Statistical Measures This study explores the effectiveness of using statistical measures to identify specialized vocabulary in English texts widely available on the Internet and which could be developed as authentic resources for pedagogical purposes. Chujo and Utiyama (2004) established these measures as effective for identifying vocabulary from a 100,000-word corpus. The focus of this study has been to determine the effectiveness for smaller (20,000-word) corpora. Eight statistical measures were applied to 18 twenty-thousand-word mini-corpora to identify its domain-specific words, and an examination of the resulting vocabulary lists showed 1) that each statistical measure extracted a different level of domain-specific words by its word length, vocabulary level, grade level, and high school textbook vocabulary coverage; 2) that specific measures produced level-specific words, i.e., frequency, Dice coefficient and complimentary similarity measure identified beginning-level words, cosine / log-likelihood ratio / chi-square test / chi-square test with Yates correction produced intermediate-level words, and mutual information created lists of advanced level words. We can conclude that the application of statistical measures can be an effective tool for identifying and selecting vocabulary for pedagogical purposes. 1 (authentic material) (Rixson,1998) (,1998) NIE(Newspaper in Education) (, 1998) 1 2 (Oakes,1998) JACET8000(2003)British National Corpus( 19
2 BNC ) ( ) WordSmith 3 BNC 4 T- () (2004)(2004) 9 ( )
3 1 5 1 ABC News Feared Dead, Found Alive 19 2,602 18,592 CBS News Anti-Terror 'TIPS' Program On Hold 45 2,645 18,768 CNN News Good Sign, Separated Baby Blinks 8 2,568 17,722 PBS News Inspecting Iraq 9 2,163 19,239 BBC News California Gets Landmark Green Law 13 2,935 18,278 VOA News Explosion Rocks Tel Aviv Street 23 2,324 17,388 VOA Special English Science Report: New Stem Cell Study 29 1,672 18,460 Business Casual 5 2,402 19,973 Time A Bad Menu for Peace 30 3,138 18,300 Newsweek The Economic Blame Game 13 3,036 17,906 New York Times U.S. Military Plane Crashes in Puerto Rico 18 2,583 18,052 USA TODAY 5 Shot Dead at Dallas Home 24 2,966 17,904 Chicago Tribune Former Enron Exec Pleads Guilty 39 2,495 17,088 Japan Times 24-hour Party People 18 3,169 18,516 Daily Yomiuri Stock Slump Deflates U.S. Bubble Economy 31 2,449 18,290 Asahi Weekly Panel Calls for Cut in NTT Connection Fees 53 2,743 17,549 Student Times The Segregation of Singaporean Education 19 2,900 18,519 News For You Enron Under Investigation 10 2,118 17,580 BNC ,994 BNC (Chujo 2004) 3 1) BNC 2) The Living Word Vocabulary 40, Dale & O Rourke(1981) 3) New Horizon English Course ( 2002) Unicorn English Course,, Unicorn English Reading (2003)( 3,245 38,937 ) 21
4 2.2 8 (, 1981; Nation, 2001)(Manning et al.,1999) (2002)(Manning et al.,1999)(dunning,1993) (Hisamitsu et al.,2001)(hisamitsu et al.,2001) (Manning et al.,1999) a,b,c,d 2 BNC a b c d a = b = BNC c = a d = BNC b n = a + b + c + d BNC 6 2 a,b,c,d = log (a n / ( ( a + b ) (a + c ) ) ) 2 Appendix 1 7 a,b,c,d
5 BNC (8 18 ) BNC
6 (2003) ABC News() Japan Times() ABC NewsJapan Times 20 ABC News Japan Times ABC News Japan Times ABC News 20 1 the 1060 she 342 embryo 40 embryo 40 embryo 40 embryo 40 songwriter 5 2 be 800 say 242 one 69 teen 16 say 242 teen 16 smuggler 7 3 a 642 they 307 family 56 lure 13 she 342 lure 13 embryo 40 4 to 554 a 642 adoption 18 smuggler 7 teen 16 smuggler 7 trek 7 5 and 506 one 69 teen 16 songwriter 5 one 69 songwriter 5 teen 16 6 of 463 child 70 water 46 trek 7 family 56 trek 7 lawsuit 3 7 she 342 he 324 child 70 greed 10 adoption 18 greed 10 lure 13 8 in 341 who 101 desert 16 adoption 18 child 70 adoption 18 fertilization 3 9 he 324 that 304 corporate 17 allergy 8 lure 13 allergy 8 allergy 8 10 they 307 family 56 parent 28 distributor 13 water 46 distributor 13 greed that 304 embryo 40 song 18 the 1060 distributor 13 mansion 10 courtroom 4 12 have 297 have 297 lure 13 say 242 vacuum 12 migrant 10 mitochondrial 2 13 I 254 water 46 say 242 be 800 greed 10 vacuum 12 scribble 2 14 say 242 find 53 distributor 13 a 642 syndrome 12 syndrome 12 flirt 2 15 for 182 do 148 letter 27 mansion 10 desert 16 donate 10 relay 3 16 it 171 tell 45 flight 16 she 342 they 307 salesman 8 asymmetrical 2 17 not 163 program 33 program 33 migrant 10 mansion 10 attendant 9 mansion with 158 woman 39 airline 13 vacuum 12 migrant 10 say 242 rupture 2 19 do 148 out 58 vacuum 12 syndrome 12 corporate 17 sticker 6 purify 2 20 on 138 parent 28 sex 17 to 554 airline 13 airline 13 migrant
7 5 Japan Times 20 1 the 1369 the 1369 firework 64 firework 64 firework 64 firework 64 firework 64 2 be 831 firework 64 marble 33 marble 33 marble 33 marble 33 frieze 6 3 of 620 one 61 percent 35 yen 18 percent 35 yen 18 yen 18 4 to 529 that 302 museum 34 postal 19 museum 34 postal 19 gunpowder 4 5 a 513 be 831 festival 26 percent 35 yen 18 percent 35 postal 19 6 and 466 government 50 fiscal 20 frieze 6 postal 19 frieze 6 pulp 5 7 in 410 year 70 postal 19 fiscal 20 festival 26 fiscal 20 marble 33 8 that 302 percent 35 yen 18 the 1369 fiscal 20 festival 26 depositor 4 9 have 266 say 104 movie 18 museum 34 one 61 museum 34 outlay 5 10 it 247 museum 34 island 22 festival 26 movie 18 pulp 5 sprout 2 11 I 234 marble 33 one 61 be 831 island 22 gunpowder 4 uninhabited 2 12 he 202 festival 26 democracy 17 of 620 sculpture 14 movie 18 funky 2 13 they 193 will 129 ministry 18 pulp 5 democracy 17 sculpture 14 fiscal for 178 island 22 summer 22 gunpowder 4 ministry 18 outlay 5 archipelago 2 15 on 148 fiscal 20 sculpture 14 movie 18 summer 22 terrorism 8 specialty 2 16 with 147 summer 22 reform 18 to 529 government 50 depositor 4 priceless 3 17 will 129 postal 19 network 17 sculpture 14 frieze 6 democracy 17 propeller 2 18 as 121 cut 24 government 50 a 513 reform 18 antiquity 6 percent you 114 people 45 rock 16 outlay 5 terrorism 8 airplane 7 restitution 2 20 say 104 around 28 stage 23 terrorism 8 network 17 island 22 terrorism ABC News Japan Times ABC News Japan Times (,1994)
8 ABC News Japan Times (ABC News) 2 (Japan Times) BNC (frequency band) BNC 13,994 1, ABC News 300 BNC 7 Japan Times
9 ABC News Japan Times BNC1,000 BNC1,000 2,000 BNC1,000 6,000 8,000 12,000 8,000 10,000 ABC News BNC4,000 Japan Times BNC7,000 6 BNC (ABC News) 7 BNC (Japan Times) BNC 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , BNC 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Dale & O Rourke(1981)ABC News 3 Japan Times N/A 100% 80% 60% N/A % 80% 60% N/A % 6 40% % 4 20% 4 0% 0% 3 (ABC News) 4 (Japan Times) 27
10 8 ABC News Japan Times ABC News Japan Times ABC News Japan Times 5 (ABC News) 6 (Japan Times) 28
11 BNC1,000 BNC2,000 3 BNC 4,000 5,000 BNC7,000 11, Japan Times 7, ABC News ABC News Japan Times 1 2 ABC News 20 A Tale of Two Families Embryo Adoption Brings Them Together 29
12 810 () 281 () accept, ahead, amaze, beach, criminal BNC BNC 8 ABC News point follow research sign check couple legal treatment treat baby drug option accident attract awareness twin undergo clinic pregnant genetic biological adoption donation fertility embryo nephew donate emotionally reunion earmark yearly enchant vitro adoptive fertilization 8 adoption, donate, embryo 3 ABC News 1 30
13 point, follow, research, baby pregnant genetic donationfertility researchcheckdrug vitroadoptivefertilization 7 pregnant genetic 17 8 general specific ABC News Japan Times BNC ABC News
14 1. BNC 2,000 3,000 Chujo(2004) BNC 2. (glossing) 3. Scott, M. (1996) Wordsmith Tools, Ver : Nation, 2001:
15 6. (special purpose corpus) (general purpose corpus), specialized vocabulary technical vocabulary 1 Nation(2001) [O]ne way of making a technical vocabulary is to compare the frequency of words in a specialized text with their frequency in a general corpus (Nation,2001:18) (2004) ( members/mutiyama/pdf/chara.pdf) 9. BNC BNC13, Appendix
16 post-filtering primary resources (Manning et al.,1999) (1998) 478: (2003) 42: Chujo, K. (2004) Measuring Vocabulary Levels of English Textbooks and Tests Using a BNC Lemmatised High Frequency Word List. In J. Nakamura, N. 34
17 Inoue, & T. Tabata (eds.) English Corpora under Japanese Eye. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp (2004) 18: Dale, E. & J. O Rourke (1981) The Living Word Vocabulary. Chicago: World Book-Childcraft International, Inc. Dunning, T. E. (1993) Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence. Computational Linguistics, 19,11: (2003) JACET List of 8000 Basic WordsJACET. Hisamitsu, T. & Y. Niwa (2001) Topic-Word Selection Based on Combinatorial Probability. NLPRS-2001: J. R. Hestand (2003) Unicorn English Course,. J. R. Hestand (2003) Unicorn English Reading. (2002) New Horizon English Course Manning, C. D. & H. Schutze (1999) Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Nation, P. (2001) Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oakes, M. (1998) Statistics for Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rixon, S. (1998) Authenticity. In Johnson K.et al. (eds.), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd, pp (1998). (1998) 478: (1981). (1994) 4: (2004) 11, 3: (2002) 92:
18 Appendix 1 LLR 0 = alog( an (( a + b)( a + c) )) + blog( bn (( a + b)( b + d ))) + c log ( cn (( c + d )( a + c) )) + d log( dn (( c + d )( b + d ))) 2 = n( ad bc) 2 ( ) ( a + b)( c + d)( a + c)( b d ) ( ) Chi Yates = n( ad bc n ) (( a + b)( c + d )( a + c)( b + d )) Freq = a 0 2 LLR = sign ad bc LLR ( ) 0 ( bc) 0 Chi 2 = sign ad Chi2 ( bc) Yates0 Yates = sign ad sign ( z) 2 a (( a + b) + ( a + c) ) + 1 if z > 0 = 1 otherwize CSM ( ad bc) ( a + c)( b + d ) = Co sine a ( a + b)( a + c) = MI = log ( an (( a + b)( a + c) )) Appendix 2 18 ( 20 ) ABC News CBS News CNN News PBS News BBC News VOA News VOA Special English Time Newsweek New York Times USA TODAY Chicago Tribune Japan Times Daily Yomiuri Asahi Weekly Student Times News For You
19 37
BNC（British National Corpus）を利用した時事英語教材語彙の難易度調査
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ABSTRACT The movement to increase the adult literacy rate in Nepal has been growing since democratization in 1990. In recent years, about 300,000 peop
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