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1 Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Large Area Telescope Multiwavelength Observations Yasushi Fukazawa On behalf of the Fermi-LAT team 深沢泰司 ( 広島大学 ) Sep 12, 2009, JPS meeting at Kobe 1

2 Contents ガンマ線天体多波長観測の必要性 日本国内での多波長観測体制への参加 フェルミ衛星を機軸とした多波長観測の例 GRB and Flare Advocate Activity in the LAT team 2

3 ガンマ線天体の多波長観測の必要性 3

4 205 Preliminary LAT Brightest Sources 4

5 ガンマ線天体の多波長観測の重要性 Fermi のデータを解析しているだけでは不十分 電波からガンマ線まで どの電磁波でも明るい γ 線だけだと放射の一部しか見ていない天体の同定 電波 可視 X 線 γ 線 5

6 X-ray Fermi Opticla/NIR Radio Gamma-ray emittors are often bright in various wave-length. 6

7 ガンマ線天体の多波長同時観測の重要性 分子雲 ( 電波 ) Fermi Okumura+ 宇宙線と衝突してガンマ線を発生する星間物資の情報宇宙線の情報を引き出す Fermi + 電波 超新星残骸での粒子加速現場のプローブ電子 陽子の量やスペクトルを測定暗黒星雲の探査 特に同時観測である必要はない 7

8 ガンマ天体の多波長観測の重要性 パルサー ガンマ線パルサーの探査の情報 波長ごとのパルス波形の違い中性子星周辺の物理情報を引き出す 特に同時観測である必要はない 8

9 ガンマ線天体の多波長同時観測の重要性 3C454.3 突発現象を逃さずに捉える ( 二度と起きないかもしれない ) ジェット発生 GRB 発生の解明 新ガンマ線天体の同定一般にガンマ線の位置決定精度は 他波長に比べて悪い電波 可視光 X 線などと時間変動の同期を利用して 対応天体を決定 9

10 Source variability Many blazars are too faint (even at > 10 σ) to be detected as variable even if they were Many fewer variable sources in the plane PRELIMINARY Galactic coordinates, Aitoff projection 10

11 Source association 2/3 of the sources at b >10, mostly AGN (hear B. Lott on Wednesday) Not that many unassociated outside the plane Globular cluster 47 Tuc (plenty of ms pulsars) 多数の未同定天体 PRELIMINARY 11

12 多波長同時観測体制の構築 やろうとしても すぐにできるものではない それぞれの観測装置の都合 スケジュール力関係 人脈による制約波長ごとにコミュニティが異なる 装置の状態 有無 打ち上げ前から 体制作りを進めた世界中の電波 赤外 可視 X 線 TeV ガンマ線方面 12

13 Monitoring Radio Pulsar timing - signed agreements with the timing community AGN - agreements largely through proposals to the radio telescopes HMXB variability - informal agreements Optical/IR Palomar Quest, PanSTARRS (draft agreement on transients), Skymapper, GASP/WEBT KANATA (no formal agreement) plus many telescopes monitoring individual sources (mostly AGN), Planck (draft MoU from them) High-Energy Swift watches the 23 LAT monitored sources INTEGRAL key proposals monitor a number of blazars. TeV telescopes (esp. Whipple) monitor a number of AGN. 13

14 ToO Resources The LAT team (or our friends) have a number of ToO proposals to resources such as: XMM AGN flare (Tagliaferri) INTEGRAL AGN flare (Pian) Chandra high-latitude source flares (Madejski) Chandra Galactic source flare (Corbel, Grenier) VLA Galactic source flare (Reimer, Cheung) OVRO rapid response for Galactic flare (Readhead) ESO/ATCA proposals for southern flares (Chaty, Corbel) Reminder: it is proposal time again The Swift Project has been extremely cooperative in granting ToO requests, which can be made on the Web, at 14

15 日本国内での多波長観測体制 への参加 15

16 可視光近赤外かなた望遠鏡 広島大学宇宙科学センター東広島天文台 国内大学で最大 1.5m 近赤外線を含む 3 つのバンドで同時に明るさと偏光偏光を測定 光度曲線 200 日 Sadada et al. 昨年より 40 個の天体を集中的に連続モニター観測これまでにない質と量のデータを得た既に Fermi の論文でも有効活用されている 東工大 MITSuME 望遠鏡も活動 16

17 電波望遠鏡 NANTEN2 名古屋大学福井研究室 チリラスカンパラス天文台 ( 標高 2400m) 銀河面にある分子雲を高精度で測定ガンマ線との連携で 宇宙線の研究に重要 17

18 TeV ガンマ線望遠鏡 CANGAROO-III 東大宇宙線研究所 Fermi の明るいブレーザー天体 10 個近くを同時観測 18

19 X 線天文衛星 すざく Astro-H Fermi で重要な天体を すざくすざく衛星 (2005-) で同時観測活動銀河核 (Blazar( 電波銀河 ) 早大 ISAS 広大 SLAC 3C279, PKS0528, PKS0208, Q0827,PKS1127, PKS1510,3C454 Cen A, NGC1275 未同定天体 12 個 東工大 早大超新星残骸 5 個 SLAC, 広大ガンマ線連星 LS I 広大 さらに 年打ち上げ予定の日本の X 線天文衛星 Astro-H との同時観測が期待される 宇宙科学研究所提供 19

20 全天 X 線監視装置 MAXI 国際宇宙ステーション実験棟 きぼう に敷設 Fermi とともに X 線で全天モニター MAXI のファーストライトイメージ (8 月 19 日 ) JAXA 理研 東工大 20

21 フェルミ衛星を機軸とした多波長観測の例 21

22 Some Multiwavelength Successes 1. Gamma-ray bursts - LAT and GBM, plus others, including redshift measurements in optical. 2. Pulsars, both using radio and X-ray data and providing information to radio observers 3. AGN studies - especially Atel flare reports, MW correlations and spectral studies. 4. Binaries - timing and spectral comparisons with X- ray and TeV. 5. New source classes - including narrow line Seyfert quasars. 6. Diffuse radiation (and associated dark matter searches) - models built on MW data. 22

23 23

24 Fermi かなた望遠鏡 24

25 PKS : Spectral Energy Distribution Time-averaged SED is well described by a single zone SSC model: ATOM Swift RXTE Fermi HESS e + e distribution p 2 =4.3 p 0 =1.3 p 1 =3.2 Highest energy electrons (γ( e > ) produce the X-ray X emission, but contribute relatively little above 0.2 TeV (contact authors: B. Giebels & J. Chiang) 25

26 PKS : Light Curves and Correlated Variability X-ray and VHE fluxes are not correlated, in contrast to July 2006 flare Lack of spectral variability in HESS band (ΔΓ VHE < 0.2) weak radiative cooling regime Significant spectral variability in X- rays (ΔΓ X 0.5) strong cooling regime Electrons producing the X-rays have higher energies than those producing the TeV Optical and VHE fluxes are correlated Optical is driving the TeV variability Lack of opt-gev correlation X-ray flux and HE photon index are correlated Multi-zone SSC models are required 26

27 SED preliminary Red : MJD : Blue MJD: Black Historical Data かなた望遠鏡 Fermi Hayashida et al

28 28

29 Outside MW groups are using public LAT Data 3C454.3 Bonning et al We can expect more such work now that the data are public. 29

30 GRB and Flare Advocate Activity in the LAT team 30

31 全天ガンマ線モニターとしてのフェルミ衛星 視野が大きい瞬間的に多数天体を見ている約 3 時間で 全天を高感度でカバー数日で 前衛星の感度を達成初の本格的な全天ガンマ線モニター明るい天体は 数年間に渡ってモニター 31

32 GPS μsec MISSION ELEMENTS Large Area Telescope & GBM データは 中継衛星も使って数時間おきに降りてくる Fermi Spacecraft Telemetry 1 kbps - DELTA 7920H - GN - S TDRSS SN S & Ku Mission Operations Center (MOC) Schedules Science Support Center LAT Instrument Science Operations Center White Sands HEASARC GRB Coordinates Network Alerts Schedules GBM Instrument Operations Center Data, Command Loads 32

33 データの即時モニター 情報発信 突発現象 ( ガンマ線バースト 天体のフレア現象 ) を Fermi が捕らえたら 直ちに世界に知らせて 多波長観測を促す必要あり ガンマ線バーストが発生すると 瞬時にアラートが地上に送られ 世界に流れる データ自体は 数時間ごとに降りてくる データは ASP(Auto Science Processing) と呼ばれる自動解析スクリプトを通して 簡単な結果が出る Advovate と呼ばれる当番が毎日アサインされて その人が解析結果をチェック あるいは自分で詳細解析し 必要に応じて世界に情報を 1 日以内に発信 33

34 1 日 3 人体制 ( 日 米 欧 ) Burst Advocate Activity GBM or other satellites detected GRB. Alart ( ) 日本から ISAS, 広大 東工大など 7 名近く参加 Check the GRB position and significance of counts rate. In the LAT FoV! Notify analysis results to the team when the data is available. Significant detection!! Notify to GCN Circulars End Out of FoV BA covers 24 hrs/day and 7day/week by an international collaboration. Japanese members : ISAS/JAXA, Hiroshima U. and TITEC 34

35 ガンマ線バースト (GRB) の残光の多波長観測 GRB の距離測定 発生メカニズムの解明 GRB C (Uehara et al. 2009) 光度曲線 X 線 Fermi-LAT で受けたバーストについて将来的に得られる 可視 近赤外 紫外 発生経過時間 ( 秒 ) 35

36 Flare Advocate Activity 1 日 2 人体制 数時間おきに降りてくる衛星からのデータに対して自動解析スクリプトが走って 天体を検出する当番が随時 自動解析結果をモニターし 急に明るくなった天体がいないかどうかをチェック明るくなった天体が ある条件を満たした場合に全世界に通報 ATel に記載日本から 広大のの5 名近くが参加 3C

37 One day flare-up. 37

38 Hunting for new Galactic sources? The LAT has and will discover new unknown sources; some of which could potentially be gamma-ray binaries. 2 bright transients detected in the Galactic Plane (ATels 1771 &1788). 3EG J

39 Fermi Gmma-ray Sky Blog Page 39

40 40

41 41

42 42

43 43

44 まとめ Fermi 宇宙ガンマ線望遠鏡を機軸とした多波長観測は 多方面で行われており 世界的に本格的な多波長観測の時代の幕が明けた 日本チームも 日本の装置を用いて大きく貢献 世界中の装置を現状で最大限に動員しながら 宇宙高エネルギー現象を解明しつつある 44

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