Koike 2001 Pheloung et al Nishida et al A B C 3 A B B C x y 1 1 T S

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 20 : (2015) 保全情報 JAPAN Evaluation of hazards posed by alien organisms threatening native plants and communities using paired comparisons based on questionnaires answered by specialists Fumito Koike 1, Kano Koike 2, Tomoko Nishida 3 and Mieko Kawamichi 4 1 Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University 2 Japan Wildlife Research Center 3 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences 4 Biodiversity Network Japan 1 1 Abstract: Many alien organisms (plant competitors, herbivorous animals, and host-specific parasites) are hazardous to endangered plants and important plant communities requiring conservation. Therefore, estimations of such hazards based on the biological traits of alien organisms are necessary; however, such information is not yet readily available. Despite technological deficits, we must immediately evaluate the hazards posed by alien organisms to plan countermeasures. Using paired comparisons based on questionnaires answered by specialists, we developed a method to evaluate the hazards of alien organisms that can damage native plants and communities. The knowledge of specific specialists was often limited to certain habitats (e.g., forest or wetland) and climatic zones (e.g., subtropical or boreal). Therefore, we constructed a table of paired comparisons using the answers from all specialists. Due to difficulties comparing the hazards of various alien species in diverse habitats, we first compared the importance of habitat (necessity of countermeasures) and then compared the hazard posed by individual alien species in each habitat. Hazards to native plant species through reproductive interference, hybridization, or host-specific parasitism were evaluated separately. Among habitats, vegetation on oceanic islands was the most important habitat in terms of hazards posed by alien species. Plant communities in aquatic systems and on oligotrophic sand and gravel along riversides were next most important Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama , Japan koikef@ynu.ac.jp

2 Koike 2001 Pheloung et al Nishida et al A B C 3 A B B C x y 1 1 T S アンケート項目

3 調査対象と手順 naturplant jeconet evolve 1 A B C 3 12 A B C 3 3 A B C 3 A B C 集計 A B C % 46% 在来植物のハビタットを保護するアプローチ 1 89

4 2 1BG Plants YListhttp://bean.bio. chiba-u.jp/bgplants/ylist_main.html * A B 74 * Capra hircus L Bischofia javanica Blume * Rattus rattus L Casuarina equisetifolia L B Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Morus australis Poir *A Anolis carolinensis Voigt B Lantana camara L B Psidium cattleyanum Sabine * Achatina fulica Ferussac B Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip Pinus luchuensis Mayr Ficus microcarpa L.f Stachytarpheta urticifolia Sims Ageratum conyzoides L B Egeria densa Planch A Pistia stratiotes L A Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Veldc B Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms B Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St.John A Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb A Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (D.Don ex Hook. et Arn.) DC A Azolla spp Paspalum distichum L. var. indutum Shinners B Paspalum distichum L B Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray A Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f B Nasturtium officinale R.Br B Sagittaria graminea Michx Cyperus alternifolius L B Iris pseudacorus L Nymphaea cv B Ludwigia repens J.R.Forst B Robinia pseudoacacia L B Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees B Amorpha fruticosa L A Coreopsis lanceolata L B Lolium multiflorum Lam Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. subsp. albus (Medik.) H.Ohashi et Tateishi Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt B Barbarea vulgaris R.Br Vicia spp Brassica juncea (L.) Czern Pyracantha spp B Diodia teres Walter Silene armeria L Verbascum thapsus L A Sicyos angulatus L

5 2 74 B Solidago altissima L B Ambrosia trifida L A Rudbeckia laciniata L B Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub B Andropogon virginicus L A Coreopsis lanceolata L A Senecio madagascariensis Poir Rudbeckia hirta L Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers B Rumex obtusifolius L Anthoxanthum odoratum L B I. pseudacorus B Dactylis glomerata L B Phleum pratense L B Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers Trifolium repens L B Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg B Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten Brassica juncea (L.) Czern Oenothera parviflora L Vinca major L B Erigeron philadelphicus L Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Bellardia viscosa (L.) Fisch. et C.A.Mey Leucanthemum vulgare Lam B Plantago lanceolata L Lupinus spp B A. virginicus Utricularia spp Drosera spp Linum medium (Planch.) Britton B Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski B Oenothera laciniata Hill Atriplex spp Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hook Bromus diandrus Roth Rumex acetosella L Briza maxima L Oenothera stricta Ledeb. ex Link Hordeum murinum L Yucca gloriosa L *A Bombus terrestris L Dicentra spp A R. laciniata B T. officinale A Spartina spp Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom var. subulatum Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) Houz

6 2 74 B Ligustrum lucidum Aiton *A Callosciurus erythraeus Pallas Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Trachycarpus spp Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Alnus sieboldiana Matsum B Tradescantia fluminensis Vell Berberis japonica (Thunb.) R.Br Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. deliciosa (A.Cheval.) A.Cheval *A C. erythraeus *A Muntiacus reevesi Ogilby B L. lucidum Trachycarpus spp B T. fluminensis Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring Adiantum capillus-veneris L Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Nandina domestica Thunb Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl Ixeris tamagawaensis (Makino) Kitam. Potentilla chinensis Ser. 92

7 Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Berchtold et J.Presl Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC Penthorum chinense Pursh Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. Pecteilis radiata (Thunb.) Raf Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. Carex kobomugi Ohwi Matsuura Dohzono et al Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Schur Salicornia perennans Willd. Suaeda japonica Makino Limonium tetragonum (Thunb.) A.A.Bullock 2011 Cephalanthera falcata (Thunb.) Blume Calanthe discolor Lindl. 93

8 1 Camellia japonica L. Cervus nippon Temminck 2009 Hosta longipes (Franch. et Sav.) Matsum. var. longipes Conandron ramondioides Siebold et Zucc. Allium schoenoprasum L. var. foliosum Regel Lilium maculatum Thunb. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. 1 94

9 3* A B Morus boninensis Koidz. M. australis IB Pinus amamiana Koidz. IB Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. Pinus thunbergii Parl. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle * Rumex longifolius DC. NT I Rumex madaio Makino Rumex spp. B I Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum. II I. pseudotinctoria Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don L. cuneata Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.L. bicolor Taraxacum spp. IA Taraxacum spp. B Veronica undulata Wall. NT IA Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii (Nakai) H.Hara Veronica anagallisaquatica L. A Artemisia indica Willd Chrysanthemum spp. NT Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Miscanthus sinensis Andersson M. sinensis Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. I. cylindrica 在来植物を種ごとに保護するアプローチ 3 r=

10 1 5 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, HSBC JAPAN (2005). 2: Koike F (2001) Plant traits as predictors of woody species dominance in climax forest communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: Matsumura C, Yokoyama J, Washitani I (2004) Invasion status and potential ecological impacts of an invasive alien bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) naturalized in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Global Environmental Research 8: (2005). 22: (1986).,. (2005). 10: Nishida T, Yamashita N, Asai M, Kurokawa S, Enomoto T, Pheloung PC, Groves RH (2009) Developing a pre-entry weed risk assessment system for use in Japan. Biological Invasions 11: Pheloung PC, Williams PA, Halloy SR (1999) A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57: (2006). 2:1-14. (2004). 27: (2007). 30: (2009) (2008). 1: Dohzono I, Kunitake YK, Yokoyama J, Goka K (2008) Alien bumble bee affects native plant reproduction through interactions with native bumble bees. Ecology 89:

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The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged

The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : 189-199 (2014) 特集 2011 1 2 1 2 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami Kohei Oka 1 and Yoshihiko Hirabuki 2 1 Faculty of Environmental